Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upó

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    Possibly from *h₁ewp- (or *h₁wep-), whence also Hittite 𒌋𒌒𒍣 (u-up-zi, “to rise (of the sun)”);[1] but the verb could have come from the adverb instead.[2] Matasović reconstructs the root as *h₃ewp- based on Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, *(o)uxs-.[3] It is unclear whether the Celtic full-grade is secondary or archaic.

    Probably with allative suffix *-o.

    Adverb

    *upó or *(s)upó

    1. up, from below

    Reconstruction notes

    • Dunkel separates *úp (“above”) / *úpo (“up”)[2] from *súp (“below”) / *súpo (“down”).[4] This separation is unwarranted; the *s- in Italic and Tocharian can be explained as contractions of the compound adverbials *h₁eǵʰs upó and *h₁én-s upó,[5] if not simply reflecting the sporadic s-mobile.
    • Note that, in the context of the standard laryngeal model, a reconstruction *upó implies the root to be *wep-. If *h₁ewp- is the correct root, one rather reconstructs *h₁upó, etc.

    Alternative reconstructions

    • *h₁upó
    • *h₃upó

    Derived terms

    • *(s)up-s
      • Proto-Italic:
    • *(s)up-s-i
      • Proto-Hellenic:
    • *(s)up-s-os ~ *(s)up-s-es-
    • *(s)up-ti-os
    • *(s)up-iH-nos
    • *(s)up-ér(i)
    • *(s)úp-m̥mo-s (“uppermost”)
      • Proto-Celtic: *uɸamos
        • Lepontic: 𐌖𐌅𐌀𐌌𐌏- (uvamo-)
      • Proto-Germanic: *ufumô (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *upamás
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *upamás
          • Sanskrit: उपम (upamá, “uppermost”)
        • Proto-Iranian: *upamáh
          • Avestan: 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬨𐬀 (upama), 𐬎𐬞𐬆𐬨𐬀 (upəma, “uppermost, highest”)
      • Proto-Italic: *supemos
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Albanian: *upela
    • Proto-Albanian: *upera

    Descendants

    • Proto-Celtic: *uɸo
    • Proto-Germanic: *ub (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *úpa, *upa-
    • Proto-Italic: *supo (see there for further descendants)
    • Tocharian B: spe

    References

    1. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 920
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*úp 'oben', *úpo 'hinauf'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 829-834
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*owxsos”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 303–304
    4. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*súp 'unten', *súpo 'hinab'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 746-751
    5. ^ Hackstein, Olav (2023), “When words coalesce II: Preverb incorporation in Indo-European”, in Indo-European Linguistics, volume 11, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 28-30 of 1–40

    Further reading

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