Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lewk-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*lewk-^[1]^[2]

bright
to shine
to see

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *lewk- (79 c, 0 e)

*luk-tó (deponent root aorist)
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒅗𒊑 (lu-uk-ka-ri)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: रु॒चा॒न (rucāná, ptc.med.)
*léwk-e-tor (deponent)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčatay
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ráwćatay
    - Sanskrit: रोच॑ते (rócate)
  - Proto-Iranian: *ráwčatay
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬭𐬀𐬊𐬗𐬀𐬥𐬙- (raocant-, “shining”)
*léwk-ye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic: *leúťťō
  - Ancient Greek: λεύσσω (leússō, “to look upon”)
*luk-yé-ti (yé-present)^[3]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒇻𒊌𒆠𒄑𒍣 (lu-uk-ki-ez-zi)
*lowk-éye-ti (causative)
*luk-éh₁-ye-ti (stative)
- Proto-Italic: *loukēō (see there for further descendants)
*léwk-s-t (sigmatic aorist)^[4]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: *լոյց- (*loycʻ-)
    - ⇒ Old Armenian: լուցանեմ (lucʻanem)
      - Armenian: լուցել (lucʻel)
*le-lówk-e ~ *le-luk-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: रु॒रोच॑ (ruróca)
*léwk-s (“light”)
*luk-eh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *lukā
  - Ancient Greek: (ἀμφι)λύκη ((amphi)lúkē), λυκά(βας) (luká(bas)), λυκό(φως) (lukó(phōs)), Λυκαῖος (Lukaîos), λύκειος (lúkeios)^[5]
*lowk-í-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *laukis
  - Old Prussian: luckis
  - Proto-Slavic: *lučь (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *laugiz (“flame, blaze”) (see there for further descendants)
*léwk-mn̥
- Proto-Germanic: *leuhmô (see there for further descendants)
*luk-mó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *rukmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *rukmás
    - Sanskrit: रु॒क्म (rukmá)
*lewk-ó-s
*lowk-ó-s
*lówk-o-s
- Proto-Germanic: *lauhaz (“clearing, open space”) (see there for further descendants)
*lewk-o-dʰro- or *lewk-o-bʰro-?
- Proto-Italic: *loukoðro- or *loukoβro-
  - Latin: lūcubrō
*léwk-os ~ *léwk-es-os
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ráwčas (see there for further descendants)
*luk-s-ḱós
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *lukšás
  - Proto-Iranian: *luxšáh
    - Persian: لوخن (loxan, “moon”)
- Proto-Italic: *lukskos
  - Latin: luscus
*léwk-s-mn̥ ~ *luk-s-mén-s
- Proto-Italic: *louksmən
  - Latin: lūmen
*lowk-s-neh₂ (“moon”)
*lúk-s-no-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *lúkʰnos
  - Ancient Greek: λῠ́χνος (lŭ́khnos)
*léwk-so-s
- Proto-Germanic: *leuhsaz, *leuhsą
*lowk-s-tro-m
- Proto-Italic: *loukstrom
  - Latin: lūstrum, lūstrō
*lewk-to-s
- Proto-Germanic: *leuhtaz, *leuhtą

Unsorted formations

>? Proto-Albanian: *leukā
- Albanian: lekë
Proto-Albanian: *laukura
- Albanian: lakur (“naked”)
Proto-Albanian: *lāuka
- Albanian: loqe, gloq (“rheum”)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: լուսանունք (lusanunkʻ)
- Old Armenian: լուսն (lusn)
>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lū́ˀśis (see there for further descendants)
Celtic:
- Old Irish: luchair (“shine”)
- Welsh: llug (“shimmer”)
Proto-Celtic: *louk-s-o
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Old Breton: lucet, luhet
    - Breton: luc'hed (“lightning”)
  - Cornish: lughes (“lightning”)
  - Welsh: lluched (“lightning”)
- Old Irish: lóchet
Proto-Celtic: *lukato-
- Proto-Brythonic: *llugad (“eye”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic:
- Proto-Brythonic: *gwoluɣʉ (“light”)
  - Old Breton: guolou
    - Middle Breton: golou
      - Breton: gouloù
  - Old Cornish: golou
    - Cornish: golow
  - Middle Welsh: goleu
    - Welsh: golau
Proto-Germanic: *lugô (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Germanic: *luhsaz (“lynx”) (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Hellenic: *lúnks
- Ancient Greek: λῠ́γξ (lŭ́nx, “lynx”)
Proto-Italic:
- Latin: lucerna

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: रुच् (ruc)
Proto-Tocharian: *luk-
- Tocharian A: luk-
- Tocharian B: luk-

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*leu̯k-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 418-419
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*leuk-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 513
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 530-533
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 312
^ Cook, A. B. (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, volume I, Cambridge University Press, page 63

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading