Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁eh₁s-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    According to Kloekhorst, the root probably emerged as a reduplication of the root *h₁es- (“to be”). The sense of "to sit" may have emerged from the sense of "to be present."[1] According to the EIEC, who instead reconstruct a Narten-present, the term may have emerged as a lengthened-grade intensive of *h₁es-.

    Root

    *h₁eh₁s-[2][3]

    1. to sit
      Synonym: *sed-

    Alternative reconstructions

    Reconstruction notes

    • The terms assigned to this root have been derived from an athematic root present,[2] although the EIEC instead opts to assign them to a lengthened-grade Narten present *h₁ḗs-ti.[4]
    • According to the linguist Ranko Matasović, this root probably possessed the stative meaning "to be sitting," whereas the root *sed- may have possessed the transitive meaning "to sit."[5]
    • Phototactically, this root is slightly unusual, as there are few roots in Proto-Indo-European that possess the same consonant before and after the root vowel. Other roots such as *skek-, *tetḱ-, and *ses- may showcase the same irregularity.[6][7] According to the linguist Paul Cohen, the possible origin of the root as a reduplicated form may disqualify as the form as monomorphemic and therefore allow the term to coexist with a general avoidance of roots with repeated consonants in PIE.[8]
    • Hittite [script needed] (āšš-zi, “to remain, stay, to be left”) has been connected to [script needed] (eš-a(ri)), though Kloekhorst rejects this etymology.[9]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₁eh₁s- (1 c, 0 e)
    • *h₁éh₁s-ti (athematic root present)
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: [script needed] (eš-a(ri))[1]
      • Proto-Hellenic:
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HaHstay
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
        • Proto-Iranian:
          • Avestan: 𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬁𐬌𐬭𐬈 (ā̊ŋhāire)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “eš-a(ri)”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 252-255
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₁eh₁s-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 232
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἧμαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 518: “*h₁eh₁s- 'sit'”
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₁ēs-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 522
    5. ^ Matasović, Ranko (n. d.), Clause alignment in Proto-Indo-European‎[1], page 3
    6. ^ Adam I. Cooper (23 March 2009), “Similarity Avoidance in the Proto-Indo-European Root”, in Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Penn Linguistics Colloquium‎[2], number 8, page 58
    7. ^ Kogan, L, KosLova, N, Loesov, S, Tishchenko, S, Arkhipov, I., editors (8 September 2016), Babel und Bibel 9: Proceedings of the 6th Biennial Meeting of the International Association for Comparative Semitics and Other Studies‎[3], Penn State University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 213
    8. ^ Cohen, Paul S.; Wald, Benji (31 December 2022), “On the PIE root-structure constraint prohibiting repeated consonants”, in Papers in Historical Phonology‎[4], volume 7, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 130-131
    9. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “āšš-zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 214-215

    Further reading

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