Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    The root is considered to be a member of the so-called molō-present class[1]―roots which conjugate with the early h₂e-conjugation in present and exhibit R(e/o)-ablaut.

    Root

    *bʰedʰh₂-[2]

    1. to dig, burrow
    2. to pierce, stab

    Alternative reconstructions

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰedʰh₂- (11 c, 0 e)
    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰedʰ- (11 c, 0 e)
    • *bʰédʰh₂-e-ti (root thematic present)[2]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bestei (“to pierce, stab”)
        • Lithuanian: bèsti
        • Latvian: best
        • Old Prussian: embaddusisi (npl.ptc.pf.act.)
        • Proto-Slavic: *bosti (see there for further descendants)
    • *bʰódʰh₂-ey ~ *bʰdʰh₂-énti[6][7]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • Hittite: 𒁁𒁕𒀀𒄿 (pád-da-a-i /⁠páddāi⁠/, “to dig”), 𒁁𒁕𒄿 (pád-da-i)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bádīˀtei (“to pierce, stab”)
        • East Baltic:
          • Latgalian: badeit
          • Latvian: badīt
          • Lithuanian: badýti
        • Proto-Slavic: *bodìti
      • Proto-Italic: *foðjō[7]
        • Latin: fodiō (“to pierce; to dig”)
        • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *fossā (⇐ *fossos (pp.) < *bʰodʰh₂-tó-s)
      • Proto-Tocharian: *pāt- (“to plow”)
        • Tocharian A: pāt-[9]
    • *bʰédʰh₂-om
      • Proto-Celtic: *bedom (“grave, ditch”)[10]
        • Proto-Brythonic: *beð
    • *bʰódʰh₂-r̥ ~ *bʰédʰh₂-n̥s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰádʰHr̥ ~ *bʰádʰHas
        • Proto-Iranian: *bádHr̥ ~ *bádHah (“spade, shovel”) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? *bʰodʰh₂-wo-s[11]
      • Proto-Celtic: *bodwos (“fight”)[12][11]
        • Old Breton: bodou (“crow”)
        • Middle Irish: bodb (“goddess of death in war”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *badwō (“battle, fight”)[13] (see there for further descendants)
    • >? *bʰodʰh₂-yó-m (possibly[14], or perhaps < *bʰh₁-tó-s < *bʰeh₁- (“to warm”)[15])
      • Proto-Germanic: *badją (“bed, bedding”) (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 74
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*bʰedʰh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 66
    3. ^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2249
    4. ^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 372
    5. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “bhedh-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 113-114
    6. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “padda-ⁱ / padd-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 654-655
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “fodiō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 229
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “p‘os”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 652-653
    9. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1999), “ˣpāto”, in A dictionary of Tocharian B (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 391
    10. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bedo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60
    11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*bodwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 70
    12. ^ Koch, John (2004), “*bodwā-, *bodwo-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda‎[1], University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
    13. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*badwō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 47
    14. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*badja”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 46
    15. ^ Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009), “bed”, in An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 201 of 33-34
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