Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵn̥h₁yétor

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

    From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, give birth”) +‎ *-yétor

    Verb

    *ǵn̥h₁yétor (imperfective)[1][2][3][4][5][6]

    1. to be born, begotten

    Conjugation

    Imperfective, thematic, middle only
    3rd singular *ǵn̥h₁yétor
    3rd plural *ǵn̥h₁yóntor
    Middle voice Present indicative Past indicative Imperative Subjunctive Optative
    1st singular *ǵn̥h₁yóh₂er *ǵn̥h₁yóh₂e — *ǵn̥h₁yṓh₂er *ǵn̥h₁yóyh₂e
    2nd singular *ǵn̥h₁yéth₂er *ǵn̥h₁yéth₂e *ǵn̥h₁yéso *ǵn̥h₁yḗth₂er *ǵn̥h₁yóyth₂e
    3rd singular *ǵn̥h₁yétor *ǵn̥h₁yéto *? *ǵn̥h₁yḗtor *ǵn̥h₁yóyto, *ǵn̥h₁yóyh₁o
    1st dual *ǵn̥h₁yówosdʰh₂ *ǵn̥h₁yówedʰh₂ — *ǵn̥h₁yṓwosdʰh₂ *ǵn̥h₁yóywedʰh₂
    2nd dual *? *? *? *? *?
    3rd dual *? *? *? *? *?
    1st plural *ǵn̥h₁yómosdʰh₂ *ǵn̥h₁yómedʰh₂ — *ǵn̥h₁yṓmosdʰh₂ *ǵn̥h₁yóymedʰh₂
    2nd plural *ǵn̥h₁yédʰh₂we *ǵn̥h₁yédʰh₂we *ǵn̥h₁yédʰh₂we *ǵn̥h₁yḗdʰh₂we *ǵn̥h₁yóydʰh₂we
    3rd plural *ǵn̥h₁yóntor *ǵn̥h₁yónto *? *ǵn̥h₁yṓntor *ǵn̥h₁yóyro
    Participle *ǵn̥h₁yómnos

    Descendants

    • Proto-Celtic: *ganyetor (“to be born”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
      • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHyátay
        • Sanskrit: जायते (jā́yate, “to be born, come into existence”) (see there for further descendants)
        • ⇒ Sanskrit: जायति (jāyati) (Epic)
      • Proto-Iranian: *ȷ́aHyátay
        • Ossetian: (“to bear, give birth to”)
          Digor Ossetian: зайун (zajun)
          Iron Ossetian: зайын (zajyn)[7][8]
        • Persian: [script needed] (zāyad, “to be born”)[9]
        • Sogdian: [script needed] (’’z’y, “to be born, produced”)[9]
        • Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (zaiieiti, “to be born”, pass. ind. 3sg)[10] (with shortened vowel and active ending)

    References

    1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 163: “*g̑n̥h₁-i̯é-”
    2. ^ Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, page 44
    3. ^ Kazuhiko Yoshida (2022), “On the Origin of the Indo-European Thematic Present”, in 言語研究‎[1], volume 162, →DOI, page 136: “*g̑n̥h₁-ié/ó”
    4. ^ O'Shea, Natalia (2007), “Reduplicated presents in Celtic”, in Flaithearta, Mícheál Ó, editor, Proceedings of the seventh symposium of Societas Celtologica Nordica (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis)‎[2], Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet, →ISBN, page 137: “*g̑n̥h₁-i̯é/ó-”
    5. ^ Nicholas Zair (2009), “OIr. biid < *bʰuH-ye/o- and “Hiatus” Verbs”, in Stephanie Jamison, Craig Melcher, Brent Vine, editors, Proceedings of the 20th UCLA Indo-European Conference: Los Angeles 2008‎[3], Bremen: Hempen Verlag, archived from the original on 24 September 2024, page 216: “*g̑n̥H₁-ye-tor”
    6. ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. (2021), “Vedic dháya-, citáya- and an Indo-Iranian sound law”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎[4], volume 134, →ISSN, page 174: “ǵn̥h₁-ie/o”
    7. ^ Ronald Kim (2003), “On the Historical Phonology of Ossetic: The Origin of the Oblique Case Suffix”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎[5], volume 123, number 1, →DOI, →ISSN, page 65: “zaj- continues PIr. pass. *zāya- "be born" < (post-)PIE *ǵn̥h₁-yé/ó- (Av. zaiia-, Ved. jā́yate”
    8. ^ Kim, Ronald I. (17 December 2007), “Two problems of Ossetic nominal morphology”, in Indogermanische Forschungen‎[6], volume 112, number 2007, →DOI, →ISSN, page 59: “zajun, I zajyn ‘bear, give birth to’ (< PIr. pass. *zāya- ‘be born’ < (post-)PIE *gn̥h₁-yé/ó-”
    9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ronald, Kim (2025), “East Iranian Nominal Inflection Revisited”, in Goldstein, David M, W. Jamison, Stephanie, Yates, Anthony D., editors, Proceedings of the 34th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Helmut Buske Verlag, page 132
    10. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “zanH-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 464-466
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