Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵíǵn̥h₁eti
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Thematic i-reduplicated present of *ǵenh₁-.
Verb
*ǵíǵn̥h₁eti (imperfective)[1][2][3][4][5][6]
- to engender
Conjugation
| Imperfective, thematic | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *ǵíǵn̥h₁eti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *ǵíǵn̥h₁onti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oh₂ | *ǵíǵn̥h₁om | — | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōh₂ | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *ǵíǵn̥h₁esi | *ǵíǵn̥h₁es | *ǵíǵn̥h₁e | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ēsi | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oys |
| 3rd singular | *ǵíǵn̥h₁eti | *ǵíǵn̥h₁et | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etu | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ēti | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyt |
| 1st dual | *ǵíǵn̥h₁owos | *ǵíǵn̥h₁owe | — | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōwos | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oywe |
| 2nd dual | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etes | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etom | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etom | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ētes | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oytom |
| 3rd dual | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etes | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etām | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etām | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ētes | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oytām |
| 1st plural | *ǵíǵn̥h₁omos | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ome | — | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōmos | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyme |
| 2nd plural | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ete | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ete | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ete | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ēte | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyte |
| 3rd plural | *ǵíǵn̥h₁onti | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ont | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ontu | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōnti | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyh₁n̥t |
| Participle | *ǵíǵn̥h₁onts | ||||
| Middle voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oh₂er | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oh₂e | — | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōh₂er | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyh₂e |
| 2nd singular | *ǵíǵn̥h₁eth₂er | *ǵíǵn̥h₁eth₂e | *ǵíǵn̥h₁eso | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ēth₂er | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyth₂e |
| 3rd singular | *ǵíǵn̥h₁etor | *ǵíǵn̥h₁eto | *? | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ētor | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyto, *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyh₁o |
| 1st dual | *ǵíǵn̥h₁owosdʰh₂ | *ǵíǵn̥h₁owedʰh₂ | — | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōwosdʰh₂ | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oywedʰh₂ |
| 2nd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 3rd dual | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? |
| 1st plural | *ǵíǵn̥h₁omosdʰh₂ | *ǵíǵn̥h₁omedʰh₂ | — | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōmosdʰh₂ | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oymedʰh₂ |
| 2nd plural | *ǵíǵn̥h₁edʰh₂we | *ǵíǵn̥h₁edʰh₂we | *ǵíǵn̥h₁edʰh₂we | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ēdʰh₂we | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oydʰh₂we |
| 3rd plural | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ontor | *ǵíǵn̥h₁onto | *? | *ǵíǵn̥h₁ōntor | *ǵíǵn̥h₁oyro |
| Participle | *ǵíǵn̥h₁omnos | ||||
Alternative reconstructions
Reconstruction notes
The Ancient Greek and Latin forms are best explained as resulting from laryngeal loss under the Neognós Rule, whereby *ǵí-ǵn̥h₁-e-ti develops to *ǵí-ǵn-e-ti.
Descendants
- Proto-Hellenic: *gígnomai
- Ancient Greek: γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “to be born”, 1sg.pres.med.) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́íȷ́anHti (< athematic *ǵíǵenh₁ti)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́íȷ́anHti
- Proto-Iranian:
- Proto-Italic: *gignō[6]
- Latin: gignō (“to beget”) (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Haudry, Jean (1979), L'indo-européen (Que sais-je?)[1] (in French), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, →ISBN, page 81: “*gi-gnH₁-e/o- « engendrer »”
- ^ Sandell, Ryan (2018), “Vedic dāśvā́ṃs- ‘pious one’, Homeric ἀδηκότες ‘inattentive’, and the “long-vowel” perfects of Proto-Indo-European”, in Indo-European Linguistics[2], volume 6, number 1, , →ISSN, page 130: “*[g̑íg̑ne/o-] ‘generate’ (> Lat. gignō, Gk. γίγνομαι)”
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Willi, Andreas (2018), Origins of the Greek Verb, Cambridge University Press, page 87: “*g̑i-g̑n̥(h₁)-e/o-”
- ^ Weiss, Michael (12 March 2010), “Morphology and Word Formation”, in Bakker, Egbert J., editor, A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language[3], Blackwell Publishing, , →ISBN, page 115: “γίγνεται, Lat. gignit < *ĝiĝn̥h₁e-”
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “gignō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 260: “ǵi-ǵnh₁-e/o- 'to engender'”
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Leppänen, Ville (2019), Ablaut and the Latin Verb: Aspects of Morphophonological Change (PhD Dissertation)[4], Munich: Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, , pages 64-65: “i.e. *gi-gn̥h₁-é/ó- > PIt. *gi-gn-e/o- > Lat. gign-ō; 3sg. PIE *gi-génh₁-ti; 3pl. PIE *gi-gn̥h₁-énti”
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑enh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 163: “*g̑i-g̑énh₁/g̑n̥h₁-”
- ^ Kocharov, Peter (2018), “A note on the origin of the Old Armenian mediopassive endings”, in Acta Linguistica Petropolitana[5], volume 14, number 1, , page 142: “had the reduplicative present *ǵi-ǵenh₁-/*ǵi-ǵn̥h₁-”
- ^ Jamison, Stephanie W. (1983), Function and form in the -áya-formations of the Rig Veda and Atharva Veda, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, page 217: “*jī̌janīti ‘begets’”
- ^ Harðarson, Jón Axel (1997), “Bemerkungen zum reduplizierten Präteritum II im Tocharischen und zum Kausativaorist im Altindischen”, in Papers in honor of Robert S.P. Beekes on the occasion of his 60th birthday (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 9) (in German), Brill, , page 97
Further reading
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “γίγνομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 272-273: “The reduplicated pres. γίγνομαι is also found in Lat. gignō”
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 496: “A number more have been thematized, such as γίγνομαι 'am born' (cf. L gignō 'beget')”
- Ruijgh, Cornells J. (1997), “Les lois phonétiques relatives aux laryngales et les actions analogiques dans la préhistoire du grec”, in Lubotsky, A., editor, Sound Law and Analogy (in French), Amsterdam; Atlanta, page 273
- Leumann, M. (1962), “Der altindische kausative Aorist ájījanat”, in Indologicai Studies in Honor of W. Norman Brown[6] (in German), pages 152-159
- Fick, August (1890–1909), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), 4th edition, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, page 85: “(gan) gen, gigneti zeugen (med. entstehen).”