Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kiyeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

Derived by Matasović from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (to fall).[1] Jørgensen believes that root, which also yielded Sanskrit शीयते (śīyate, to fall away), is in fact from a *-yéti derivative of *ḱh₂d- (to fall), with the *d debuccalized into a laryngeal.

Verb

*kiyeti[2]

  1. to fall

Inflection

According to Jørgensen, -yé- present *kiyeti was accompanied by *kād- (see *ḱh₂d-) in non-present forms. This led to a paradigm split in Celtic, with Goidelic taking after the present stem and reforming the conjugation accordingly, while Brittonic forms with *kVd- were instead reformed after the non-present stems.[3]

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kiyū *kiyemam *kikatsū *kekāda
2nd singular *kiyesi *kiyetās *kikatsesi *kekādas?
3rd singular *kiyeti *kiyeto *kikatseti *kekāde
1st plural *kiyomosi *kiyemo *kikatsomosi *kekādmo
2nd plural *kiyetesi *kiyestē *kikatsetesi *kekāsse
3rd plural *kiyonti *kiyento *kikatsonti *kekādars
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *kātsū ?
2nd singular *kātsesi ? *kiye
3rd singular *kātseti ? *kiyetou
1st plural *kātsomosi ? *kiyomos
2nd plural *kātsetesi ? *kiyete
3rd plural *kātsonti ? *kiyontou
Passive voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *kiyūr *kikatsūr *kekādra
2nd singular *kiyetar *kikatsetar *kekādras?
3rd singular *kiyetor ? *kikatsetor *kekādre
1st plural *kiyommor *kikatsommor ?
2nd plural *kiyedwe *kikatsedwe ?
3rd plural *kiyontor ? *kikatsontor ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *kātsūr
2nd singular *kātsetar
3rd singular *kātsetor
1st plural *kātsommor
2nd plural *kātsedwe
3rd plural *kātsontor
Declension of the present participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kiyonts *kiyonte *kiyontes
vocative *kiyonts *kiyonte *kiyontes
accusative *kiyontam *kiyonte *kiyontans
genitive *kiyantos *? *kiyantom
dative *kiyantei *kiyantbom *kiyantbos
instrumental *kiyantī? *kiyantbim *kiyantbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kiyantī *kiyantī *kiyantiyās
vocative *kiyantī *kiyantī *kiyantiyās
accusative *kiyantīm *kiyantī *kiyantiyans
genitive *kiyantyās *? *kiyantyom
dative *kiyantyāi *kiyantyābom *kiyantyābos
instrumental *? *kiyantyābim *kiyantyābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kiyont *? *kiyonta
vocative *kiyont *? *kiyonta
accusative *kiyont *? *kiyonta
genitive *kiyantos *? *kiyantom
dative *kiyantei *? *kiyantbos
instrumental *kiyantī? *? *kiyantbis
Declension of the middle participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kiyomnos *kiyomnou *kiyomnoi
vocative *kiyomne *kiyomnou *kiyomnoi
accusative *kiyomnom *kiyomnou *kiyomnons
genitive *kiyomnī *kiyomnous *kiyomnom
dative *kiyomnūi *kiyomnobom *kiyomnobos
instrumental *kiyomnū *kiyomnobim *kiyomnobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kiyomnā *kiyomnai *kiyomnās
vocative *kiyomnā *kiyomnai *kiyomnās
accusative *kiyomnam *kiyomnai *kiyomnans
genitive *kiyomnās *kiyomnous *kiyomnom
dative *kiyomnai *kiyomnābom *kiyomnābos
instrumental *? *kiyomnābim *kiyomnābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kiyomnom *kiyomnou *kiyomnā
vocative *kiyomnom *kiyomnou *kiyomnā
accusative *kiyomnom *kiyomnou *kiyomnā
genitive *kiyomnī *kiyomnous *kiyomnom
dative *kiyomnūi *kiyomnobom *kiyomnobos
instrumental *kiyomnū *kiyomnobim *kiyomnobis
Declension of the past participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *kassos *kassou *kassoi
vocative *kasse *kassou *kassoi
accusative *kassom *kassou *kassons
genitive *kassī *kassous *kassom
dative *kassūi *kassobom *kassobos
instrumental *kassū *kassobim *kassobis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *kassā *kassai *kassās
vocative *kassā *kassai *kassās
accusative *kassam *kassai *kassans
genitive *kassās *kassous *kassom
dative *kassai *kassābom *kassābos
instrumental *? *kassābim *kassābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *kassom *kassou *kassā
vocative *kassom *kassou *kassā
accusative *kassom *kassou *kassā
genitive *kassī *kassous *kassom
dative *kassūi *kassobom *kassobos
instrumental *kassū *kassobim *kassobis

Derived terms

  • *to-kiyeti
    • Middle Welsh: dychiawr (3sg), dychiorant (3pl)
  • *kei-d-eti (dental extension with full root grade)
    • Proto-Brythonic:
      • Middle Breton: coezaff
        • Breton: kouezhañ
      • Middle Cornish: koedha
      • Middle Welsh: kwydaw, kwytaw
  • *dī-keideti
    • Middle Breton: digoezaff
  • *to-keideti
    • Middle Cornish: degoth (3sg pres.)
    • Middle Welsh: dygwydaw
  • *uɸo-keideti
    • Cornish: gogodha
    • Middle Welsh: gogwydaw

Descendants

  • Proto-Brythonic: (converted to deponent)
    • Middle Welsh: ciawr, cior (3sg present)
  • Old Irish: ciid (to cry)

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ki-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205
  2. ^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, pages 404-410
  3. ^ Jørgensen, Anders Richardt (2025), “Mourning among the speakers of Proto-Indo-European: *keh2d- ‘to fall’ and ‘to mourn’”, in Jenny Larsson, Thomas Olander and Anders Richardt Jørgensen, editors, Indo-European Afterlives: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Life beyond Death, Stockholm University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 177–194