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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.
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Proto-Celtic
Etymology
Derived by Matasović from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to fall”).[1] Jørgensen believes that root, which also yielded Sanskrit शीयते (śīyate, “to fall away”), is in fact from a *-yéti derivative of *ḱh₂d- (“to fall”), with the *d debuccalized into a laryngeal.
Verb
*kiyeti[2]
- to fall
Inflection
According to Jørgensen, -yé- present *kiyeti was accompanied by *kād- (see *ḱh₂d-) in non-present forms. This led to a paradigm split in Celtic, with Goidelic taking after the present stem and reforming the conjugation accordingly, while Brittonic forms with *kVd- were instead reformed after the non-present stems.[3]
| Thematic present, suffixless preterite
|
| Active voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kiyū
|
*kiyemam
|
*kikatsū
|
*kekāda
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kiyesi
|
*kiyetās
|
*kikatsesi
|
*kekādas?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kiyeti
|
*kiyeto
|
*kikatseti
|
*kekāde
|
| 1st plural
|
*kiyomosi
|
*kiyemo
|
*kikatsomosi
|
*kekādmo
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kiyetesi
|
*kiyestē
|
*kikatsetesi
|
*kekāsse
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kiyonti
|
*kiyento
|
*kikatsonti
|
*kekādars
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kātsū
|
?
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kātsesi
|
?
|
*kiye
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kātseti
|
?
|
*kiyetou
|
| 1st plural
|
*kātsomosi
|
?
|
*kiyomos
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kātsetesi
|
?
|
*kiyete
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kātsonti
|
?
|
*kiyontou
|
| Passive voice
|
|
|
Present
|
Imperfect
|
Future
|
Preterite
|
| 1st singular
|
*kiyūr
|
—
|
*kikatsūr
|
*kekādra
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kiyetar
|
—
|
*kikatsetar
|
*kekādras?
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kiyetor
|
?
|
*kikatsetor
|
*kekādre
|
| 1st plural
|
*kiyommor
|
—
|
*kikatsommor
|
?
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kiyedwe
|
—
|
*kikatsedwe
|
?
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kiyontor
|
?
|
*kikatsontor
|
?
|
|
|
Pres. subjunctive
|
Past subjunctive
|
Imperative
|
|
| 1st singular
|
*kātsūr
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd singular
|
*kātsetar
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd singular
|
*kātsetor
|
—
|
—
|
| 1st plural
|
*kātsommor
|
—
|
—
|
| 2nd plural
|
*kātsedwe
|
—
|
—
|
| 3rd plural
|
*kātsontor
|
—
|
—
|
Declension of the present participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyonts
|
*kiyonte
|
*kiyontes
|
| vocative
|
*kiyonts
|
*kiyonte
|
*kiyontes
|
| accusative
|
*kiyontam
|
*kiyonte
|
*kiyontans
|
| genitive
|
*kiyantos
|
*?
|
*kiyantom
|
| dative
|
*kiyantei
|
*kiyantbom
|
*kiyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyantī?
|
*kiyantbim
|
*kiyantbis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantiyās
|
| vocative
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantiyās
|
| accusative
|
*kiyantīm
|
*kiyantī
|
*kiyantiyans
|
| genitive
|
*kiyantyās
|
*?
|
*kiyantyom
|
| dative
|
*kiyantyāi
|
*kiyantyābom
|
*kiyantyābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kiyantyābim
|
*kiyantyābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyont
|
*?
|
*kiyonta
|
| vocative
|
*kiyont
|
*?
|
*kiyonta
|
| accusative
|
*kiyont
|
*?
|
*kiyonta
|
| genitive
|
*kiyantos
|
*?
|
*kiyantom
|
| dative
|
*kiyantei
|
*?
|
*kiyantbos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyantī?
|
*?
|
*kiyantbis
|
Declension of the middle participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyomnos
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnoi
|
| vocative
|
*kiyomne
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnoi
|
| accusative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnons
|
| genitive
|
*kiyomnī
|
*kiyomnous
|
*kiyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kiyomnūi
|
*kiyomnobom
|
*kiyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyomnū
|
*kiyomnobim
|
*kiyomnobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyomnā
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnās
|
| vocative
|
*kiyomnā
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnās
|
| accusative
|
*kiyomnam
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnans
|
| genitive
|
*kiyomnās
|
*kiyomnous
|
*kiyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kiyomnai
|
*kiyomnābom
|
*kiyomnābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kiyomnābim
|
*kiyomnābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnā
|
| vocative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnā
|
| accusative
|
*kiyomnom
|
*kiyomnou
|
*kiyomnā
|
| genitive
|
*kiyomnī
|
*kiyomnous
|
*kiyomnom
|
| dative
|
*kiyomnūi
|
*kiyomnobom
|
*kiyomnobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kiyomnū
|
*kiyomnobim
|
*kiyomnobis
|
Declension of the past participle
| masculine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kassos
|
*kassou
|
*kassoi
|
| vocative
|
*kasse
|
*kassou
|
*kassoi
|
| accusative
|
*kassom
|
*kassou
|
*kassons
|
| genitive
|
*kassī
|
*kassous
|
*kassom
|
| dative
|
*kassūi
|
*kassobom
|
*kassobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kassū
|
*kassobim
|
*kassobis
|
| feminine
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kassā
|
*kassai
|
*kassās
|
| vocative
|
*kassā
|
*kassai
|
*kassās
|
| accusative
|
*kassam
|
*kassai
|
*kassans
|
| genitive
|
*kassās
|
*kassous
|
*kassom
|
| dative
|
*kassai
|
*kassābom
|
*kassābos
|
| instrumental
|
*?
|
*kassābim
|
*kassābis
|
| neuter
|
singular
|
dual
|
plural
|
| nominative
|
*kassom
|
*kassou
|
*kassā
|
| vocative
|
*kassom
|
*kassou
|
*kassā
|
| accusative
|
*kassom
|
*kassou
|
*kassā
|
| genitive
|
*kassī
|
*kassous
|
*kassom
|
| dative
|
*kassūi
|
*kassobom
|
*kassobos
|
| instrumental
|
*kassū
|
*kassobim
|
*kassobis
|
Derived terms
- *to-kiyeti
- Middle Welsh: dychiawr (3sg), dychiorant (3pl)
- *kei-d-eti (dental extension with full root grade)
- Proto-Brythonic:
- Middle Breton: coezaff
- Middle Cornish: koedha
- Middle Welsh: kwydaw, kwytaw
- *dī-keideti
- *to-keideti
- Middle Cornish: degoth (3sg pres.)
- Middle Welsh: dygwydaw
- *uɸo-keideti
- Cornish: gogodha
- Middle Welsh: gogwydaw
Descendants
- Proto-Brythonic: (converted to deponent)
- Middle Welsh: ciawr, cior (3sg present)
- Old Irish: ciid (“to cry”)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*ki-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 205
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan; Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004), Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon [The Celtic Primary Verbs: A comparative, etymological and morphological lexicon] (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Meid, →ISBN, pages 404-410
- ^ Jørgensen, Anders Richardt (2025), “Mourning among the speakers of Proto-Indo-European: *keh2d- ‘to fall’ and ‘to mourn’”, in Jenny Larsson, Thomas Olander and Anders Richardt Jørgensen, editors, Indo-European Afterlives: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Life beyond Death, Stockholm University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, pages 177–194