起工

Chinese

		to rise; to raise; to get up	work; worker; skill work; worker; skill; profession; trade; craft; labour
trad. (起工)		起	工
simp. ^#(起工)		起	工

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qǐgōng

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hei² gung¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hí-kûng
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khí-kang
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵chi-kon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qǐgōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cǐgong
  - Wade–Giles: chʻi³-kung¹
  - Yale: chǐ-gūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiigong
  - Palladius: цигун (cigun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴⁻²¹ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hei² gung¹
  - Yale: héi gūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hei² gung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: héi² gung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³⁵ kʊŋ⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hí-kûng
  - Hakka Romanization System: hi^ˋ gung^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hi³ gung¹
  - Sinological IPA: /hi³¹ kuŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí-kang
  - Tâi-lô: khí-kang
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qy'kafng
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kaŋ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kaŋ⁴⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵chi-kon
  - MiniDict: chi^去 kon
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²qi-kon
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕʰi³³ koŋ⁴⁴/

Verb

起工

to start working; to start construction
- 自起工至橋成之日，潮汐不至，以此得成大功。 [MSC, trad.]
  自起工至桥成之日，潮汐不至，以此得成大功。 [MSC, simp.]
  From: 1673, 西湖佳話
  Zì qǐgōng zhì qiáo chéng zhī rì, cháoxī bù zhì, yǐ cǐ dé chéng dà gōng. [Pinyin]
  From breaking ground until the bridge completion date, the tide will not rise, thereby allowing this great achievement to finish.

Noun

起工

(Southern Min) alternative form of 紀綱 / 纪纲 (jìgāng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
起	工
き Grade: 3	こう Grade: 2
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きこー [kìkóó] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [kʲi̥ko̞ː]

Noun

起(き)工(こう) • (kikō)

starting construction
Synonym: 着工 (chakkō)

Antonyms: 竣成 (shunsei), 竣工 (shunkō), 落成 (rakusei), 完工 (kankō)

Hypernym: 開始 (kaishi, “beginning”)

Derived terms

起(き)工式(こうしき) (kikōshiki)

Verb

起(き)工(こう)する • (kikō suru) suru (stem 起(き)工(こう)し (kikō shi), past 起(き)工(こう)した (kikō shita))

to break ground, to start construction

Conjugation

Conjugation of "起工する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	起工し	きこうし	kikō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	起工し	きこうし	kikō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	起工する	きこうする	kikō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	起工する	きこうする	kikō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	起工すれ	きこうすれ	kikō sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	起工せよ¹ 起工しろ²	きこうせよ¹ きこうしろ²	kikō seyo¹ kikō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	起工される	きこうされる	kikō sareru
Causative	起工させる起工さす	きこうさせるきこうさす	kikō saseru kikō sasu
Potential	起工できる	きこうできる	kikō dekiru
Volitional	起工しよう	きこうしよう	kikō shiyō
Negative	起工しない	きこうしない	kikō shinai
Negative continuative	起工せず	きこうせず	kikō sezu
Formal	起工します	きこうします	kikō shimasu
Perfective	起工した	きこうした	kikō shita
Conjunctive	起工して	きこうして	kikō shite
Hypothetical conditional	起工すれば	きこうすれば	kikō sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“起工”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026