窪む
Japanese
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 窪 |
| くぼ Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 凹む |
Verb derived from noun 窪 / 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a depression”)[1] + verbalizing suffix む (mu, “seeming like, becoming like”).
Pronunciation
Verb
窪む • (kubomu) intransitive godan (stem 窪み (kubomi), past 窪んだ (kubonda))
Usage notes
The transitive form is 窪める / 凹める (kubomeru). Consequently, the potential form is the same as the passive form, くぼまれる (kubomareru), instead of くぼめる (kubomeru) as shown incorrectly in the table above.
The spelling 窪む is used more often for くぼむ, because the alternative spelling 凹む can also be read as へこむ.
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 窪ま | くぼま | kuboma |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 窪み | くぼみ | kubomi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 窪む | くぼむ | kubomu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 窪む | くぼむ | kubomu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 窪め | くぼめ | kubome |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 窪め | くぼめ | kubome |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 窪まれる | くぼまれる | kubomareru |
| Causative | 窪ませる 窪ます |
くぼませる くぼます |
kubomaseru kubomasu |
| Potential | 窪める | くぼめる | kubomeru |
| Volitional | 窪もう | くぼもう | kubomō |
| Negative | 窪まない | くぼまない | kubomanai |
| Negative continuative | 窪まず | くぼまず | kubomazu |
| Formal | 窪みます | くぼみます | kubomimasu |
| Perfective | 窪んだ | くぼんだ | kubonda |
| Conjunctive | 窪んで | くぼんで | kubonde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 窪めば | くぼめば | kubomeba |
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 窪 |
| いし Jinmeiyō |
| kun'yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 窳む |
Appears in texts from the Muromachi period.[1]
Ultimate derivation unclear. May be derived from adjective 美しい (ishii), which was used ironically to mean the opposite of its usual positive connotations.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [iɕimɯ̟]
Verb
窪む • (ishimu) intransitive godan (stem 窪み (ishimi), past 窪んだ (ishinda))
- (archaic, possibly obsolete) to deform, to become deformed
- (archaic, possibly obsolete) to become cracked
Conjugation
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 窪ま | いしま | ishima |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 窪み | いしみ | ishimi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 窪む | いしむ | ishimu |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 窪む | いしむ | ishimu |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 窪め | いしめ | ishime |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 窪め | いしめ | ishime |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 窪まれる | いしまれる | ishimareru |
| Causative | 窪ませる 窪ます |
いしませる いします |
ishimaseru ishimasu |
| Potential | 窪める | いしめる | ishimeru |
| Volitional | 窪もう | いしもう | ishimō |
| Negative | 窪まない | いしまない | ishimanai |
| Negative continuative | 窪まず | いしまず | ishimazu |
| Formal | 窪みます | いしみます | ishimimasu |
| Perfective | 窪んだ | いしんだ | ishinda |
| Conjunctive | 窪んで | いしんで | ishinde |
| Hypothetical conditional | 窪めば | いしめば | ishimeba |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- “▲窪む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026