凹む

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
凹
へこ Grade: S
kun'yomi

/herikomu/ → /hekomu/

Contraction of 減りこむ (herikomu), itself a compound of 減り (heri, “lessening, becoming less”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 減る heru, “to reduce, to become less”) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) へこむ [hèkómú] (Heiban – [0])^[2]
IPA^(key): [he̞ko̞mɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 凹む

Plain	凹む	へこむ	`[hèkómú]`
Conjunctive	凹んで	へこんで	`[hèkóńdé]`
Perfective	凹んだ	へこんだ	`[hèkóńdá]`
Negative	凹まない	へこまない	`[hèkómánáí]`
Negative perfective	凹まなかった	へこまなかった	`[hèkómánáꜜkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	凹めば	へこめば	`[hèkóméꜜbà]`
Past conditional	凹んだら	へこんだら	`[hèkóńdáꜜrà]`
Imperative	凹め	へこめ	`[hèkómé]`
Volitional	凹もう	へこもー	`[hèkómóꜜò]`
Desiderative	凹みたい	へこみたい	`[hèkómítáí]`
Formal	凹みます	へこみます	`[hèkómímáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	凹みません	へこみません	`[hèkómímáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	凹みましょう	へこみましょー	`[hèkómímáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	凹みました	へこみました	`[hèkómímáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	凹み凹みに	へこみへこみに	`[hèkómí]` `[hèkómí ní]`
Negative continuative	凹まず凹まずに	へこまずへこまずに	`[hèkómázú]` `[hèkómázú ní]`
Passive	凹まれる	へこまれる	`[hèkómárérú]`
Causative	凹ませる凹ます	へこませるへこます	`[hèkómásérú]` `[hèkómású]`
Potential	凹める	へこめる	`[hèkómérú]`

Verb

凹(へこ)む • (hekomu) intransitive godan (stem 凹(へこ)み (hekomi), past 凹(へこ)んだ (hekonda))

to become hollow, cave in, sink in: see the kubomu reading above
to decline below a certain point, to become less
to be stuck to be at a loss: see 困る (komaru).
to yield, to submit
(informal) to be depressed; to be bummed out
うまくできなくて凹(へこ)む
umaku dekinakute hekomu
to fail to do it well and get bummed out

Conjugation

Conjugation of "凹む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	凹ま	へこま	hekoma
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	凹み	へこみ	hekomi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	凹む	へこむ	hekomu
Rentaikei ("attributive")	凹む	へこむ	hekomu
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	凹め	へこめ	hekome
Meireikei ("imperative")	凹め	へこめ	hekome
Key constructions
Passive	凹まれる	へこまれる	hekomareru
Causative	凹ませる凹ます	へこませるへこます	hekomaseru hekomasu
Potential	凹める	へこめる	hekomeru
Volitional	凹もう	へこもう	hekomō
Negative	凹まない	へこまない	hekomanai
Negative continuative	凹まず	へこまず	hekomazu
Formal	凹みます	へこみます	hekomimasu
Perfective	凹んだ	へこんだ	hekonda
Conjunctive	凹んで	へこんで	hekonde
Hypothetical conditional	凹めば	へこめば	hekomeba

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
凹
くぼ Grade: S
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 凹む – see the following entry.

【窪くぼむ】

[verb] to become hollow, cave in, sink in

(This term, 凹む, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“^△凹む”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[KDJ-1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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