戯れる

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
戯
たわむ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Shift from 戯(たわぶ)れる (tawabureru) below.^[1]^[2]^[3] The element たわ (tawa) is also found in 戯言(たわごと) (tawagoto, “nonsense, balderdash”) and 戯(たわ)ける (tawakeru, “to joke, jest”),^[3] as well as 拘(こだわ)る (kodawaru).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) たわむれる [tàwámúréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])^[1]^[4]^[5]
IPA^(key): [ta̠β̞a̠mɯ̟ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

戯(たわむ)れる • (tawamureru) ^{←たはむれる (tafamureru)^?}intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(たわむ)れ (tawamure), past 戯(たわむ)れた (tawamureta))

to play; to sport; to joke; to frolic; to make merry
to flirt with; to dally

Conjugation

Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	戯れ	たわむれ	tawamure
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	戯れ	たわむれ	tawamure
Shūshikei ("terminal")	戯れる	たわむれる	tawamureru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	戯れる	たわむれる	tawamureru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	戯れれ	たわむれれ	tawamurere
Meireikei ("imperative")	戯れよ¹ 戯れろ²	たわむれよ¹ たわむれろ²	tawamureyo¹ tawamurero²
Key constructions
Passive	戯れられる	たわむれられる	tawamurerareru
Causative	戯れさせる戯れさす	たわむれさせるたわむれさす	tawamuresaseru tawamuresasu
Potential	戯れられる戯れれる³	たわむれられるたわむれれる³	tawamurerareru tawamurereru³
Volitional	戯れよう	たわむれよう	tawamureyō
Negative	戯れない戯れぬ戯れん	たわむれないたわむれぬたわむれん	tawamurenai tawamurenu tawamuren
Negative continuative	戯れず	たわむれず	tawamurezu
Formal	戯れます	たわむれます	tawamuremasu
Perfective	戯れた	たわむれた	tawamureta
Conjunctive	戯れて	たわむれて	tawamurete
Hypothetical conditional	戯れれば	たわむれれば	tawamurereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

戯(たわむ)れ言(ごと) (tawamuregoto)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
戯
たわぶ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Regular development from classical verb 戯(たはぶ)る (tahaburu).

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下(しも)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 戯る entry.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) たわぶれる [tàwábúréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ta̠β̞a̠bɯ̟ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

戯(たわぶ)れる • (tawabureru) ^{←たはぶれる (tafabureru)^?}intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(たわぶ)れ (tawabure), past 戯(たわぶ)れた (tawabureta))

synonym of 戯れる (tawamureru)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	戯れ	たわぶれ	tawabure
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	戯れ	たわぶれ	tawabure
Shūshikei ("terminal")	戯れる	たわぶれる	tawabureru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	戯れる	たわぶれる	tawabureru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	戯れれ	たわぶれれ	tawaburere
Meireikei ("imperative")	戯れよ¹ 戯れろ²	たわぶれよ¹ たわぶれろ²	tawabureyo¹ tawaburero²
Key constructions
Passive	戯れられる	たわぶれられる	tawaburerareru
Causative	戯れさせる戯れさす	たわぶれさせるたわぶれさす	tawaburesaseru tawaburesasu
Potential	戯れられる戯れれる³	たわぶれられるたわぶれれる³	tawaburerareru tawaburereru³
Volitional	戯れよう	たわぶれよう	tawabureyō
Negative	戯れない戯れぬ戯れん	たわぶれないたわぶれぬたわぶれん	tawaburenai tawaburenu tawaburen
Negative continuative	戯れず	たわぶれず	tawaburezu
Formal	戯れます	たわぶれます	tawaburemasu
Perfective	戯れた	たわぶれた	tawabureta
Conjunctive	戯れて	たわぶれて	tawaburete
Hypothetical conditional	戯れれば	たわぶれれば	tawaburereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

戯(たわぶ)れ言(ごと) (tawaburegoto)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
戯
ざ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ざれる [zàréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[1]^[4]^[5]
IPA^(key): [d͡za̠ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

戯(ざ)れる • (zareru) intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(ざ)れ (zare), past 戯(ざ)れた (zareta))

to sport; to play; to frolic
This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	戯れ	ざれ	zare
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	戯れ	ざれ	zare
Shūshikei ("terminal")	戯れる	ざれる	zareru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	戯れる	ざれる	zareru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	戯れれ	ざれれ	zarere
Meireikei ("imperative")	戯れよ¹ 戯れろ²	ざれよ¹ ざれろ²	zareyo¹ zarero²
Key constructions
Passive	戯れられる	ざれられる	zarerareru
Causative	戯れさせる戯れさす	ざれさせるざれさす	zaresaseru zaresasu
Potential	戯れられる戯れれる³	ざれられるざれれる³	zarerareru zarereru³
Volitional	戯れよう	ざれよう	zareyō
Negative	戯れない戯れぬ戯れん	ざれないざれぬざれん	zarenai zarenu zaren
Negative continuative	戯れず	ざれず	zarezu
Formal	戯れます	ざれます	zaremasu
Perfective	戯れた	ざれた	zareta
Conjunctive	戯れて	ざれて	zarete
Hypothetical conditional	戯れれば	ざれれば	zarereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

戯(ざ)れ言(ごと) (zaregoto)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
戯
じゃ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Phonetic shift from 戯(ざ)れる (zareru) above.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[6]

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) じゃれる [jàréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])^[1]^[4]
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑa̠ɾe̞ɾɯ̟]

Verb

戯(じゃ)れる • (jareru) intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(じゃ)れ (jare), past 戯(じゃ)れた (jareta))

Japanese verb pair
active	じゃらす
mediopassive	戯れる

(of children or animals) to play

Conjugation

Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	戯れ	じゃれ	jare
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	戯れ	じゃれ	jare
Shūshikei ("terminal")	戯れる	じゃれる	jareru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	戯れる	じゃれる	jareru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	戯れれ	じゃれれ	jarere
Meireikei ("imperative")	戯れよ¹ 戯れろ²	じゃれよ¹ じゃれろ²	jareyo¹ jarero²
Key constructions
Passive	戯れられる	じゃれられる	jarerareru
Causative	戯れさせる戯れさす	じゃれさせるじゃれさす	jaresaseru jaresasu
Potential	戯れられる戯れれる³	じゃれられるじゃれれる³	jarerareru jarereru³
Volitional	戯れよう	じゃれよう	jareyō
Negative	戯れない戯れぬ戯れん	じゃれないじゃれぬじゃれん	jarenai jarenu jaren
Negative continuative	戯れず	じゃれず	jarezu
Formal	戯れます	じゃれます	jaremasu
Perfective	戯れた	じゃれた	jareta
Conjunctive	戯れて	じゃれて	jarete
Hypothetical conditional	戯れれば	じゃれれば	jarereba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms

戯(じゃ)れ合(あ)う (jareau)
戯(じゃ)れ言(ごと) (jaregoto)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

“^△戯れる”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[Kojien-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[KDJ-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK5-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[6] Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

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