強化

See also: 强化

Chinese

		strength; force; power strength; force; power; powerful; better	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
trad. (強化)		強	化
simp. (强化)		强	化

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiánghuà

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁴ faa³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiông-hòa / kiâng-hòa

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiang⁵ huê³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiánghuà
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciánghuà
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang²-hua⁴
  - Yale: chyáng-hwà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyanghuah
  - Palladius: цянхуа (cjanxua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵ xu̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: koeng⁴ faa³
  - Yale: kèuhng fa
  - Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴ faa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁴ fa³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹ faː³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: kiông-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kionghoax
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻²² hua²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³⁻³³ hua²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: kiâng-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kianghoax
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³⁻²² hua²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiang⁵ huê³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng huè
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ hue²¹³/

Verb

強化

to strengthen; to fortify
(wine) to fortify (to add spirits to wine to increase the alcohol content)
(food) to fortify (to increase the nutritional value of food by adding ingredients)
鈣強化豆奶／钙强化豆奶 ― gài qiánghuà dòunǎi ― calcium-fortified soy milk

Synonyms

(to strengthen):

edit

充實 / 充实 (chōngshí)
加固 (jiāgù)
加強 / 加强 (jiāqiáng)
堅定 / 坚定 (jiāndìng)
增強 / 增强 (zēngqiáng)
壯 / 壮
壯大 / 壮大 (zhuàngdà)
鞏固 / 巩固 (gǒnggù)

(to fortify wine): 加強／加强 (jiāqiáng)

Derived terms

強化食品 / 强化食品

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (強化):

→ Japanese: 強化(きょうか) (kyōka)
→ Korean: 강화(強化) (ganghwa)
→ Vietnamese: cường hoá (強化)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
強	化
きょう Grade: 2	か Grade: 3
on'yomi

Etymology

From 強 (kyō, “strengthen”) + 化 (ka, “cause to become”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) きょーか [kyóꜜòkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːka̠]

Noun

強(きょう)化(か) • (kyōka)

strengthening, intensification, buildup, reinforcement, augmenting

Antonyms

弱化(じゃっか) (jakka, “weakening”)

Derived terms

強化合宿 (kyōka gasshuku): training camp
強化米 (kyōkamai): fortified rice
強化食品 (kyōka shokuhin): fortified foods
機能強化 (kinō kyōka): (computing) functional enhancement
警備強化 (keibi kyōka): increased or beefed up security
関係強化 (kankei kyōka): strengthening of relations

Verb

強(きょう)化(か)する • (kyōka suru) transitive suru (stem 強(きょう)化(か)し (kyōka shi), past 強(きょう)化(か)した (kyōka shita))

to strengthen

Conjugation

Conjugation of "強化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	強化し	きょうかし	kyōka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	強化し	きょうかし	kyōka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	強化する	きょうかする	kyōka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	強化する	きょうかする	kyōka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	強化すれ	きょうかすれ	kyōka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	強化せよ¹ 強化しろ²	きょうかせよ¹ きょうかしろ²	kyōka seyo¹ kyōka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	強化される	きょうかされる	kyōka sareru
Causative	強化させる強化さす	きょうかさせるきょうかさす	kyōka saseru kyōka sasu
Potential	強化できる	きょうかできる	kyōka dekiru
Volitional	強化しよう	きょうかしよう	kyōka shiyō
Negative	強化しない	きょうかしない	kyōka shinai
Negative continuative	強化せず	きょうかせず	kyōka sezu
Formal	強化します	きょうかします	kyōka shimasu
Perfective	強化した	きょうかした	kyōka shita
Conjunctive	強化して	きょうかして	kyōka shite
Hypothetical conditional	強化すれば	きょうかすれば	kyōka sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“強化”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
強	化

Noun

強化 • (ganghwa) (hangeul 강화)

hanja form^? of 강화 (“strengthening”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
強	化

Verb

強化

chữ Hán form of cường hoá (“to physically enhance”)