干る

Japanese

Kanji in this term
干
ひ Grade: 6
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
乾る

Etymology

Originally an upper bigrade verb 干(ふ) (fu) in the Nara period.^[1] It shifted into the upper monograde conjugation later on before the modern period.

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “When was it first attested using 上一段活用?”)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひる [híꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [çiɾɯ̟]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 干る

Plain	干る	ひる	`[híꜜrù]`
Conjunctive	干て	ひて	`[híꜜtè]`
Perfective	干た	ひた	`[híꜜtà]`
Negative	干ない	ひない	`[híꜜnàì]`
Negative perfective	干なかった	ひなかった	`[híꜜnàkàttà]`
Hypothetical conditional	干れば	ひれば	`[híꜜrèbà]`
Past conditional	干たら	ひたら	`[híꜜtàrà]`
Imperative	干ろ干よ	ひろひよ	`[híꜜrò]` `[híꜜyò]`
Volitional	干よう	ひよー	`[hìyóꜜò]`
Desiderative	干たい	ひたい	`[hìtáꜜì]`
Formal	干ます	ひます	`[hìmáꜜsù]`
Formal negative	干ません	ひません	`[hìmáséꜜǹ]`
Formal volitional	干ましょう	ひましょー	`[hìmáshóꜜò]`
Formal perfective	干ました	ひました	`[hìmáꜜshìtà]`
Continuative	干干に	ひひに	`[híꜜ]` `[híꜜ nì]`
Negative continuative	干ず干ずに	ひずひずに	`[híꜜzù]` `[híꜜzù nì]`
Passive	干られる	ひられる	`[hìráréꜜrù]`
Causative	干させる干さす	ひさせるひさす	`[hìsáséꜜrù]` `[hìsáꜜsù]`
Potential	干られる干れる	ひられるひれる	`[hìráréꜜrù]` `[hìréꜜrù]`

Verb

干(ひ)る • (hiru) intransitive ichidan (stem 干(ひ) (hi), past 干(ひ)た (hita))

Japanese verb pair
active	干(ほ)す
mediopassive	干(ひ)る

to dry
Synonym: 乾く (kawaku)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "干る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	干	ひ	hi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	干	ひ	hi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	干る	ひる	hiru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	干る	ひる	hiru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	干れ	ひれ	hire
Meireikei ("imperative")	干よ¹ 干ろ²	ひよ¹ ひろ²	hiyo¹ hiro²
Key constructions
Passive	干られる	ひられる	hirareru
Causative	干させる干さす	ひさせるひさす	hisaseru hisasu
Potential	干られる干れる³	ひられるひれる³	hirareru hireru³
Volitional	干よう	ひよう	hiyō
Negative	干ない干ぬ干ん	ひないひぬひん	hinai hinu hin
Negative continuative	干ず	ひず	hizu
Formal	干ます	ひます	himasu
Perfective	干た	ひた	hita
Conjunctive	干て	ひて	hite
Hypothetical conditional	干れば	ひれば	hireba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Classical conjugation of "干る" (ハ行上一段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	干	ひ	fi
Continuative (連用形)	干	ひ	fi
Terminal (終止形)	干る	ひる	firu
Attributive (連体形)	干る	ひる	firu
Realis (已然形)	干れ	ひれ	fire
Imperative (命令形)	干よ	ひよ	fiyo
Key constructions
Negative	干ず	ひず	fizu
Contrasting conjunction	干れど	ひれど	firedo
Causal conjunction	干れば	ひれば	fireba
Conditional conjunction	干ば	ひば	fiba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	干き	ひき	fiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	干けり	ひけり	fikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	干つ	ひつ	fitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	干ぬ	ひぬ	finu
Perfect-continuative tense	干たり	ひたり	fitari
Volitional	干む	ひむ	fimu

Derived terms

干(ひ) (hi)
干上(ひあ)がる (hiagaru)
干(ひ)乾(から)びる (hikarabiru)

References

^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“干る”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

[1] Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK5-4] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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