屈服

Chinese

		bent; feel wronged	clothes; dress; garment clothes; dress; garment; submit; take (medicine)
simp. and trad. (屈服)		屈	服
alternative forms		屈伏

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qūfú

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄩㄈㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): wat¹ fuk⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khut-fu̍k
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khut-ho̍k

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qūfú
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄩㄈㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cyufú
  - Wade–Giles: chʻü¹-fu²
  - Yale: chyū-fú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiufwu
  - Palladius: цюйфу (cjujfu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵ fu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: wat¹ fuk⁶
  - Yale: wāt fuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: wat⁷ fuk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: wed¹ fug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐt̚⁵ fʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khut-fu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: kud^ˋ fug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kud⁵ fug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰut̚² fuk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khut-ho̍k
  - Tâi-lô: khut-ho̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quthok
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰut̚⁵⁻²⁴ hɔk̚²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁵ hɔk̚¹²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰut̚³²⁻⁴ hɔk̚⁴/

Verb

屈服

to surrender; to yield; to concede
(engineering, materials science, of a material specimen) to yield

Synonyms

(to surrender):

屈從 / 屈从 (qūcóng)
投降 (tóuxiáng)
臣服 (chénfú)
降服

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “to surrender”):

不屈 (bùqū)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (屈服):

→ Korean: 굴복(屈服) (gulbok)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
屈	服
くつ > くっ Grade: S	ふく > ぷく Grade: 3
kan'on

Alternative spelling
屈伏

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 屈服 (MC kjut|khjut bjuwk, literally “bend; crouch + submit; obey”). Compare modern Hakka reading khiut-fu̍k.

The modern reading kuppuku is a shift from earlier kutsubuku.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くっぷく [kùppúkú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟p̚pɯ̟kɯ̟]

Noun

屈(くっ)服(ぷく) • (kuppuku)

surrender, submission, or subjection (as to a ruler or other authority)
prostration, kowtowing

Verb

屈(くっ)服(ぷく)する • (kuppuku suru) suru (stem 屈(くっ)服(ぷく)し (kuppuku shi), past 屈(くっ)服(ぷく)した (kuppuku shita))

to surrender, submit, or subject oneself (as to a ruler or other authority)
to prostrate oneself

Conjugation

Conjugation of "屈服する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	屈服し	くっぷくし	kuppuku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	屈服し	くっぷくし	kuppuku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	屈服する	くっぷくする	kuppuku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	屈服する	くっぷくする	kuppuku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	屈服すれ	くっぷくすれ	kuppuku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	屈服せよ¹ 屈服しろ²	くっぷくせよ¹ くっぷくしろ²	kuppuku seyo¹ kuppuku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	屈服される	くっぷくされる	kuppuku sareru
Causative	屈服させる屈服さす	くっぷくさせるくっぷくさす	kuppuku saseru kuppuku sasu
Potential	屈服できる	くっぷくできる	kuppuku dekiru
Volitional	屈服しよう	くっぷくしよう	kuppuku shiyō
Negative	屈服しない	くっぷくしない	kuppuku shinai
Negative continuative	屈服せず	くっぷくせず	kuppuku sezu
Formal	屈服します	くっぷくします	kuppuku shimasu
Perfective	屈服した	くっぷくした	kuppuku shita
Conjunctive	屈服して	くっぷくして	kuppuku shite
Hypothetical conditional	屈服すれば	くっぷくすれば	kuppuku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

“屈服”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026