卒然

Chinese

Etymology 1

	die; soldier; abruptly die; soldier; abruptly; hurriedly	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (卒然)	卒	然
simp. ^#(卒然)	卒	然
alternative forms	猝然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): cùrán

(Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: cùrán
  - Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˋ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cùrán
  - Wade–Giles: tsʻu⁴-jan²
  - Yale: tsù-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuhran
  - Palladius: цужань (cužanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu⁵¹ ʐän³⁵/

Middle Chinese: tshwot nyen

Rime
Character	卒	然
Reading #	2/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	倉没切	如延切
Baxter	tshwot	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰuot̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰwət̚/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡sʰuət̚/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cu	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cyut³	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*sʰuːd njen/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	卒	然
Reading #	2/3	1/1
No.	17959	10756
Phonetic component	卒	肰
Rime group	物	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	猝	然
Old Chinese	/*sʰuːd/	/*njen/

Adverb

卒然

(literary) suddenly; abruptly
- 卒然問焉而觀其知。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  卒然问焉而观其知。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Cùrán wèn yān ér guān qí zhī. [Pinyin]
  By questioning them suddenly, he tests their knowledge.
- 卒然問曰：「天下惡乎定？」吾對曰：「定于一。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  卒然问曰：「天下恶乎定？」吾对曰：「定于一。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Cùrán wèn yuē: “Tiānxià wūhū dìng?” Wú duì yuē: “Dìng yú yī.” [Pinyin]
  Abruptly he asked me, "How can the kingdom be settled?" I replied, "It will be settled by being united under one sway."

Etymology 2

		die; soldier; abruptly die; soldier; abruptly; hurriedly	so; thus; like this so; thus; like this; ‑ly; correct; right
trad. (卒然)		卒	然
simp. ^#(卒然)		卒	然

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zúrán

(Zhuyin): ㄗㄨˊ ㄖㄢˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zúrán
  - Zhuyin: ㄗㄨˊ ㄖㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: zúrán
  - Wade–Giles: tsu²-jan²
  - Yale: dzú-rán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzwuran
  - Palladius: цзужань (czužanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su³⁵ ʐän³⁵/

Middle Chinese: tswit nyen

Rime
Character	卒	然
Reading #	1/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	術 (52)	仙 (77)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	子聿切	如延切
Baxter	tswit	nyen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siuɪt̚/	/ȵiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʷit̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sjuet̚/	/ȵʑjæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡swit̚/	/ȵian/
Li Rong	/t͡siuĕt̚/	/ȵiɛn/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭuĕt̚/	/ȵʑĭɛn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡si̯uĕt̚/	/ȵʑi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ju	rán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zeot¹	jin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ut [n]a[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsud njen/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	卒	然
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zú	rán
Middle Chinese	‹ tswit ›	‹ nyen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ut/	/*[n]a[n]/
English	finish, die	so, thus; (adv suffix)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	卒	然
Reading #	3/3	1/1
No.	17964	10756
Phonetic component	卒	肰
Rime group	物	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	卒	然
Old Chinese	/*ʔsud/	/*njen/
Notes	裘錫圭康殷皆雲金文象衣加劃表衣縫製完結

Adverb

卒然

(literary) finally; in the end; at last

Japanese

Kanji in this term
卒	然
そつ Grade: 4	ぜん Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) そつぜん [sòtsúzéń] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [so̞t͡sɨzẽ̞ɴ]

Adjective

卒(そつ)然(ぜん) • (sotsuzen) ^†-tari (adnominal 卒(そつ)然(ぜん)とした (sotsuzen to shita) or 卒(そつ)然(ぜん)たる (sotsuzen taru), adverbial 卒(そつ)然(ぜん)と (sotsuzen to) or 卒(そつ)然(ぜん)として (sotsuzen to shite))

sudden

Adverb

卒(そつ)然(ぜん) • (sotsuzen)

suddenly

Synonyms

突然(とつぜん) (totsuzen)

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (2016), NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK16-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (2016), NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[SMK8-3] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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