ὕπαρ

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *súpr̥, generalized from the zero-grade of an r/n-stem of *swep- (“to sleep”) +‎ *-r̥, whence also ῠ̔́πνος (hŭ́pnos, “sleep”). Originally "sleep, dream"; the opposition to ὄνᾰρ (ónăr, “deceiving dream”), led to the meaning "true dream", whence "reality". The r-stem appears also in Hittite 𒋗𒌒𒈦𒉿𒀭𒍝 (su-up-pár-wa-an-za /⁠supparwanz(a)⁠/, “sleepy(?)”) and in Latin sopor (“deep sleep, catalepsy”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hý.par/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)y.par/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.par/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈy.par/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.par/

Noun

ῠ̔́πᾰρ • (hŭ́păr) n (indeclinable)

the view of reality itself (as opposed to a dream)
Antonym: ὄνᾰρ (ónăr)

Declension

Declension of τὸ ῠ̔́πᾰρ; τοῦ ῠ̔́πᾰρ (Attic)

Case / #	Singular
Nominative	τὸ ῠ̔́πᾰρ tò hŭ́păr
Genitive	τοῦ ῠ̔́πᾰρ toû hŭ́păr
Dative	τῷ ῠ̔́πᾰρ tōî hŭ́păr
Accusative	τὸ ῠ̔́πᾰρ tò hŭ́păr
Vocative	ῠ̔́πᾰρ hŭ́păr
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Adverb

ῠ̔́πᾰρ • (hŭ́păr)

in reality; actually

Related terms

ᾰ̓γρῠπνέω (ăgrŭpnéō)
ᾰ̓γρῠπνῐ́ᾱ (ăgrŭpnĭ́ā)
ᾰ̓γρῠπνῐ́η (ăgrŭpnĭ́ē)
ᾰ̓́γρῠπνος (ắgrŭpnos)
ᾰ̓γρῠπνῶ (ăgrŭpnô)
ᾰ̓ποκοιμῐ́ζω (ăpokoimĭ́zō)
ᾰ̓́ῠ̈πνος (ắŭ̈pnos)
ᾰ̓φῠπνόω (ăphŭpnóō)
ᾰ̓φῠπνῶ (ăphŭpnô)
ἐνῠπνῐᾰ́ζομαι (enŭpnĭắzomai)
ἐνῠ́πνῐον (enŭ́pnĭon)
ἐξῠπνῐ́ζω (exŭpnĭ́zō)
ἔξῠπνος (éxŭpnos)
κᾰθῠ́πνωσῐς (kăthŭ́pnōsĭs)
ῠ̔πνηλός (hŭpnēlós)
ῠ̔πνῐκός (hŭpnĭkós)
ῠ̔πνοδότης (hŭpnodótēs)
ῠ̔πνομᾰχέω (hŭpnomăkhéō)
ῠ̔πνομᾰχῶ (hŭpnomăkhô)
ῠ̔́πνος (hŭ́pnos)
ῠ̔πνοφᾰνής (hŭpnophănḗs)
ῠ̔πνοφόβης (hŭpnophóbēs)
ῠ̔πνοφόρος (hŭpnophóros)
ῠ̔πνόω (hŭpnóō)
ῠ̔πνῶ (hŭpnô)
ῠ̔πνώσσω (hŭpnṓssō)
ῠ̔πνωτέον (hŭpnōtéon)
ῠ̔πνωτῐκός (hŭpnōtĭkós)

References

“ὕπαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ὕπαρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
“ὕπαρ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὕπαρ in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ὕπαρ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὕπαρ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1532
Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “šupparii̯e/a-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 788–789