ἐτός

See also: έτος and ἔτος

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /e.tós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /eˈtos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /eˈtos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /eˈtos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /eˈtos/

Etymology 1

From an earlier *ϝετός (*wetós), an adverbial formation in -τός (-tós), like ἐντός (entós, “within”), with the semantic identity and origin of the component *ϝε (*we) of uncertain origin. Has been compared with Albanian hut (“in vain”) (< *uto-), or alternatively with Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”), presuming a semantic shift "of itself" > "without an outside cause" > "done for nothing".^[1]

Adverb

ἐτός • (etós)

(only in the negative) in vain, for nothing, without reason
οὐκ ἐτός ― ouk etós ― not in vain

Derived terms

ἐτώσιος (etṓsios)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐτός 1 [adv.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *set-u-s, from *set- (“to be stable, true”); see ἐτεός (eteós, “true”) for more. The traditional derivation from some reflex of Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”) presents formal difficulties with the laryngeals.^[1]

Adjective

ἐτός • (etós) m (feminine ἐτή, neuter ἐτόν); first/second declension

(only in dictionaries?) true, good

Declension

Second declension of ἐτός; ἐτόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ἐτός etós		ἐτόν etón	ἐτώ etṓ		ἐτώ etṓ	ἐτοί etoí		ἐτᾰ́ etắ
Genitive	ἐτοῦ etoû		ἐτοῦ etoû	ἐτοῖν etoîn		ἐτοῖν etoîn	ἐτῶν etôn		ἐτῶν etôn
Dative	ἐτῷ etōî		ἐτῷ etōî	ἐτοῖν etoîn		ἐτοῖν etoîn	ἐτοῖς etoîs		ἐτοῖς etoîs
Accusative	ἐτόν etón		ἐτόν etón	ἐτώ etṓ		ἐτώ etṓ	ἐτούς etoús		ἐτᾰ́ etắ
Vocative	ἐτέ eté		ἐτόν etón	ἐτώ etṓ		ἐτώ etṓ	ἐτοί etoí		ἐτᾰ́ etắ
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ἐτῶς etôs			ἐτώτερος etṓteros			ἐτώτᾰτος etṓtătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἐτάζω (etázō)

Related terms

ἐτεός (eteós)
ὅσιος (hósios)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐτάζω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473: “ETYM > Denominative of ἐτός”

Ancient Greek

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Adverb

Derived terms

References

Etymology 2

Adjective

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

References

Further reading