ἀραρίσκω
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to fit”) and suffixed with -σκω (-skō).[1] The aorist form of this verb, ἤρᾰρον (ḗrăron), may derive from a Proto-Indo-European reduplicated thematic aorist *h₂eh₂ret, perhaps whence also Old Armenian արար- (arar-), the aorist stem of առնեմ (aṙnem). Alternatively, the linguist Petr Kocharov argues that the Armenian aorist is better equated with Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ρήρη (ărḗrē), thereby isolating the Greek reduplicated aorist.[2] According to the linguist Jay Jasanoff, the term ἀραρίσκω (ararískō) may have emerged by analogy to terms such as εὑρίσκω (heurískō), which also has a reduplicated aorist.[3]
Cognates include Old Armenian արարի (arari, “I did”), Avestan 𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (arəm), and Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /a.ra.rís.kɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /a.raˈris.ko/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /a.raˈris.ko/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /a.raˈris.ko/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /a.raˈris.ko/
Verb
ἀραρίσκω • (ararískō)
- (transitive)
- (intransitive)
Usage notes
The present, imperfect, future, and aorist 1 active forms govern the transitive senses, while the middle tenses, aorist 2 and active perfect and pluperfect forms govern the intransitive.
Inflection
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκω | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεις | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκει | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκετον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκετον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκομεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκετε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκω | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκῃς | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκῃ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκητον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκητον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκωμεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκητε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιμῐ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοις | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοι | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιτον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκοίτην | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιμεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιτε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρισκε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκέτω | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκετον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκέτων | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκετε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκόντων | |||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκομαι | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκῃ, ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκει |
ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεται | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεσθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεσθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκόμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεσθε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκονται | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκωμαι | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκῃ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκηται | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκησθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκησθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκώμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκησθε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκωνται | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκοίμην | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιο | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιτο | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοισθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκοίσθην | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκοίμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοισθε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκοιντο | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκου | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκέσθω | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεσθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκέσθων | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεσθε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/ | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκειν | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκεσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκων | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ᾰ̓ρᾰρίσκουσᾰ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ᾰ̓ρᾰρῖσκον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρισκόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρᾰ́ρισκον | ἠρᾰ́ρισκες | ἠρᾰ́ρισκε(ν) | ἠρᾰρίσκετον | ἠρᾰρισκέτην | ἠρᾰρίσκομεν | ἠρᾰρίσκετε | ἠρᾰ́ρισκον | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἠρᾰρισκόμην | ἠρᾰρίσκου | ἠρᾰρίσκετο | ἠρᾰρίσκεσθον | ἠρᾰρισκέσθην | ἠρᾰρισκόμεθᾰ | ἠρᾰρίσκεσθε | ἠρᾰρίσκοντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἦρσᾰ | ἦρσᾰς | ἦρσε(ν) | ἤρσᾰτον | ἠρσᾰ́την | ἤρσᾰμεν | ἤρσᾰτε | ἦρσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἄρσω | ἄρσῃς | ἄρσῃ | ἄρσητον | ἄρσητον | ἄρσωμεν | ἄρσητε | ἄρσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἄρσαιμῐ | ἄρσειᾰς, ἄρσαις |
ἄρσειε(ν), ἄρσαι |
ἄρσαιτον | ἀρσαίτην | ἄρσαιμεν | ἄρσαιτε | ἄρσειᾰν, ἄρσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἆρσον | ἀρσᾰ́τω | ἄρσᾰτον | ἀρσᾰ́των | ἄρσᾰτε | ἀρσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἠρσᾰ́μην | ἤρσω | ἤρσᾰτο | ἤρσᾰσθον | ἠρσᾰ́σθην | ἠρσᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἤρσᾰσθε | ἤρσᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ἄρσωμαι | ἄρσῃ | ἄρσηται | ἄρσησθον | ἄρσησθον | ἀρσώμεθᾰ | ἄρσησθε | ἄρσωνται | |||||
| optative | ἀρσαίμην | ἄρσαιο | ἄρσαιτο | ἄρσαισθον | ἀρσαίσθην | ἀρσαίμεθᾰ | ἄρσαισθε | ἄρσαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ἆρσαι | ἀρσᾰ́σθω | ἄρσᾰσθον | ἀρσᾰ́σθων | ἄρσᾰσθε | ἀρσᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἤρθην | ἤρθης | ἤρθη | ἤρθητον | ἠρθήτην | ἤρθημεν | ἤρθητε | ἤρθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἀρθῶ | ἀρθῇς | ἀρθῇ | ἀρθῆτον | ἀρθῆτον | ἀρθῶμεν | ἀρθῆτε | ἀρθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἀρθείην | ἀρθείης | ἀρθείη | ἀρθεῖτον, ἀρθείητον |
ἀρθείτην, ἀρθειήτην |
ἀρθεῖμεν, ἀρθείημεν |
ἀρθεῖτε, ἀρθείητε |
ἀρθεῖεν, ἀρθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ἄρθητῐ | ἀρθήτω | ἄρθητον | ἀρθήτων | ἄρθητε | ἀρθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ἆρσαι | ἄρσᾰσθαι | ἀρθῆναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ἄρσᾱς | ἀρσᾰ́μενος | ἀρθείς | |||||||||
| f | ἄρσᾱσᾰ | ἀρσᾰμένη | ἀρθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ἆρσᾰν | ἀρσᾰ́μενον | ἀρθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἆρσᾰ | ἆρσᾰς | ἆρσε(ν) | ἄρσᾰτον | ἀρσᾰ́την | ἄρσᾰμεν | ἄρσᾰτε | ἆρσᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ἄρσω | ἄρσῃς | ἄρσῃ | ἄρσητον | ἄρσητον | ἄρσωμεν | ἄρσητε | ἄρσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἄρσαιμῐ | ἄρσειᾰς, ἄρσαις |
ἄρσειε(ν), ἄρσαι |
ἄρσαιτον | ἀρσαίτην | ἄρσαιμεν | ἄρσαιτε | ἄρσειᾰν, ἄρσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | ἆρσον | ἀρσᾰ́τω | ἄρσᾰτον | ἀρσᾰ́των | ἄρσᾰτε | ἀρσᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἀρσᾰ́μην | ἄρσω | ἄρσᾰτο | ἄρσᾰσθον | ἀρσᾰ́σθην | ἀρσᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἄρσᾰσθε | ἄρσᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ἄρσωμαι | ἄρσῃ | ἄρσηται | ἄρσησθον | ἄρσησθον | ἀρσώμεθᾰ | ἄρσησθε | ἄρσωνται | |||||
| optative | ἀρσαίμην | ἄρσαιο | ἄρσαιτο | ἄρσαισθον | ἀρσαίσθην | ἀρσαίμεθᾰ | ἄρσαισθε | ἄρσαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ἆρσαι | ἀρσᾰ́σθω | ἄρσᾰσθον | ἀρσᾰ́σθων | ἄρσᾰσθε | ἀρσᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἆρσαι | ἄρσᾰσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ἄρσᾱς | ἀρσᾰ́μενος | ||||||||||
| f | ἄρσᾱσᾰ | ἀρσᾰμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ἆρσᾰν | ἀρσᾰ́μενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἤρᾰρον | ἤρᾰρες | ἤρᾰρε(ν) | ἠρᾰ́ρετον | ἠρᾰρέτην | ἠρᾰ́ρομεν | ἠρᾰ́ρετε | ἤρᾰρον | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρω | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρῃς | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρῃ | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρητον | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρητον | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρωμεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρητε | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιμῐ | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροις | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροι | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιτον | ᾰ̓ρᾰροίτην | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιμεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιτε | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρᾰρε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέτω | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρετον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέτων | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρετε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρόντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἠρᾰρόμην | ἠρᾰ́ρου | ἠρᾰ́ρετο | ἠρᾰ́ρεσθον | ἠρᾰρέσθην | ἠρᾰρόμεθᾰ | ἠρᾰ́ρεσθε | ἠρᾰ́ροντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρωμαι | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρῃ | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρηται | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρησθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρησθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρώμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρησθε | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρωνται | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρᾰροίμην | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιο | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιτο | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροισθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰροίσθην | ᾰ̓ρᾰροίμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροισθε | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιντο | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓ρᾰροῦ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέσθω | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρεσθον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέσθων | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρεσθε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾰ̓ρᾰρεῖν | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾰ̓ρᾰρών | ᾰ̓ρᾰρόμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ᾰ̓ρᾰροῦσᾰ | ᾰ̓ρᾰρομένη | |||||||||||
| n | ᾰ̓ρᾰρόν | ᾰ̓ρᾰρόμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾰ̓́ρᾰρᾰ | ᾰ̓́ρᾰρᾰς | ᾰ̓́ρᾰρε(ν) | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρᾰτον | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρᾰτον | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρᾰμεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρᾰτε | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρᾱσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρω | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρῃς | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρῃ | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρητον | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρητον | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρωμεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρητε | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιμῐ, ᾰ̓ρᾰροίην |
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροις, ᾰ̓ρᾰροίης |
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροι, ᾰ̓ρᾰροίη |
ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιτον | ᾰ̓ρᾰροίτην | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιμεν | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιτε | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ροιεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓́ρᾰρε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέτω | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρετον | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέτων | ᾰ̓ρᾰ́ρετε | ᾰ̓ρᾰρόντων | |||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ᾰ̓ρήρεμαι | ᾰ̓ρήρεσαι | ᾰ̓ρήρεται | ᾰ̓ρήρεσθον | ᾰ̓ρήρεσθον | ᾰ̓ρηρέμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρήρεσθε | ᾰ̓ρήρενται | ||||
| subjunctive | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένος ὦ | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένος ᾖς | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένος ᾖ | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένω ἦτον | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένω ἦτον | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένοι ὦμεν | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένοι ἦτε | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένος εἴην | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένος εἴης | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένος εἴη | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένω εἴητον, εἶτον |
ᾰ̓ρηρεμένω εἰήτην, εἴτην |
ᾰ̓ρηρεμένοι εἴημεν, εἶμεν |
ᾰ̓ρηρεμένοι εἴητε, εἶτε |
ᾰ̓ρηρεμένοι εἴησᾰν, εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | ᾰ̓ρήρεσο | ᾰ̓ρηρέσθω | ᾰ̓ρήρεσθον | ᾰ̓ρηρέσθων | ᾰ̓ρήρεσθε | ᾰ̓ρηρέσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/ | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ᾰ̓ρᾰρέναι | ᾰ̓ρηρέσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ᾰ̓ρᾰρώς | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένος | ||||||||||
| f | ᾰ̓ρᾰρυῖᾰ | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ᾰ̓ρᾰρός | ᾰ̓ρηρεμένον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἠρήρειν, ἠρήρη |
ἠρήρεις, ἠρήρης |
ἠρήρει(ν) | ἠρήρετον | ἠρηρέτην | ἠρήρεμεν | ἠρήρετε | ἠρήρεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἠρηρέμην | ἠρήρεσο | ἠρήρετο | ἠρήρεσθον | ἠρηρέσθην | ἠρηρέμεθᾰ | ἠρήρεσθε | ἠρήρεντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ᾰ̓ρήρεεν, ᾰ̓ρήρεᾰ |
ᾰ̓ρήρεες, ᾰ̓ρήρεᾰς |
ᾰ̓ρήρεε(ν) | ᾰ̓ρήρετον | ᾰ̓ρηρέτην | ᾰ̓ρήρεμεν | ᾰ̓ρήρετε | ᾰ̓ρήρεσᾰν | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ᾰ̓ρηρέμην | ᾰ̓ρήρεσο | ᾰ̓ρήρετο | ᾰ̓ρήρεσθον | ᾰ̓ρηρέσθην | ᾰ̓ρηρέμεθᾰ | ᾰ̓ρήρεσθε | ᾰ̓ρήρεντο | ||||
| Notes: | Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Related terms
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἀραρίσκω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 123
- ^ Kocharov, P. (2019-05-02) Old Armenian nasal verbs: Archaisms and innovations (Thesis)[1], pages 110-111
- ^ Jasanoff, Jay H. (27 November 2023), “The origin of Attic Reduplication”, in Indo-European Linguistics[2], volume 11, number 1, Brill, , →ISSN, pages 48-49
Further reading
- “ἀραρίσκω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἀραρίσκω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἀραρίσκω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891), A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἀραρίσκω in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ἀραρίσκω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924), A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- ἀραρίσκω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2026)
- “ἀραρίσκω”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- ἀραρίσκω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011