कष्

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

কষ্ (Assamese script)
ᬓᬱ᭄ (Balinese script)
কষ্ (Bengali script)
𑰎𑰬𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀓𑀱𑁆 (Brahmi script)
ကၑ် (Burmese script)
કષ્ (Gujarati script)
ਕਸ਼੍ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌕𑌷𑍍 (Grantha script)
ꦏꦰ꧀ (Javanese script)
𑂍𑂭𑂹 (Kaithi script)
ಕಷ್ (Kannada script)
កឞ៑ (Khmer script)
ກຩ຺ (Lao script)
കഷ് (Malayalam script)
ᡬᠠᢢ (Manchu script)
𑘎𑘬𑘿 (Modi script)
ᢉᠠᢔ (Mongolian script)
𑦮𑧌𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
𑐎𑐲𑑂 (Newa script)
କଷ୍ (Odia script)
ꢒꢰ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
𑆑𑆰𑇀 (Sharada script)
𑖎𑖬𑖿 (Siddham script)
කෂ් (Sinhalese script)
𑩜𑪀 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
𑚊𑚶 (Takri script)
கஷ் (Tamil script)
కష్ (Telugu script)
กษฺ (Thai script)
ཀ་ཥ྄ (Tibetan script)
𑒏𑒭𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
𑨋𑨯𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷels-

Sanskrit कृष् (kṛṣ)

Sanskrit कष्

A colloquial form of the root कृष् (kṛṣ, “to draw, pull, drag”). Pokorny's original derivation from a supposed Proto-Indo-European *kars- (“to scratch, scrape, rub”) (for which he cites Proto-Slavic *korsta (“scab”), Lithuanian karsiu (“to comb”), and English harsh) is obsolete.

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /kɐʂ/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /kɐʂ/

Root

कष् • (kaṣ)

to rub, scratch, scrape
to itch
to rub with a touchstone, test, try
to injure, hurt, destroy
to leap

Derived terms

Primary verbal forms

कष॑ति (káṣati, present)
क॒षि॒ष्यति॑ (kaṣiṣyáti, future)
क॒षि॒ता (kaṣitā́, periphrastic future)
अका॑षीत् (ákāṣīt, aorist)
च॒काष॑ (cakā́ṣa, perfect)

Secondary forms

क॒ष्यते॑ (kaṣyáte, passive)
अका॑षि (ákāṣi, passive)
का॒षय॑ति (kāṣáyati, causative)
अची॑कषत् (ácīkaṣat, causative)
चिकषिषति (cikaṣiṣati, desiderative)
चाकषीति (cākaṣīti, intensive)
चाकष्यते (cākaṣyate, intensive)

Non-finite forms

क॒षि॒त (kaṣitá, past participle)
कषि॑तुम् (káṣitum, infinitive)
क॒षि॒त्वा (kaṣitvā́, gerund)

Derived nominal forms

कष (káṣa, “rubbing, scraping, rubbing away”)
कषण (káṣaṇa, “rubbing oneself”)
कषि (kaṣí, “hurtful, injurious”)
कषाय (kaṣāya, “astringent, extract”)
कष्ट (kaṣṭá, “injury, pain, hardship”)

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root कष् (0 c, 3 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root कष् (7 c, 0 e)

Descendants

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root कष् (7 c, 0 e)

References

Monier Williams (1899), “कष्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0265/2.
William Dwight Whitney (1885), The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 018

Otto Böhtlingk; Richard Schmidt (1879-1928), “कष्”, in Walter Slaje, Jürgen Hanneder, Paul Molitor, Jörg Ritter, editors, Nachtragswörterbuch des Sanskrit [Dictionary of Sanskrit with supplements] (in German), Halle-Wittenberg: Martin-Luther-Universität, published 2016
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 331-2
Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 269
Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 532
Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 231