उपानह्
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- উপানহ্ (Assamese script)
- ᬉᬧᬵᬦᬳ᭄ (Balinese script)
- উপানহ্ (Bengali script)
- 𑰄𑰢𑰯𑰡𑰮𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀉𑀧𑀸𑀦𑀳𑁆 (Brahmi script)
- ဥပါနဟ် (Burmese script)
- ઉપાનહ્ (Gujarati script)
- ਉਪਾਨਹ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌉𑌪𑌾𑌨𑌹𑍍 (Grantha script)
- ꦈꦥꦴꦤꦲ꧀ (Javanese script)
- 𑂇𑂣𑂰𑂢𑂯𑂹 (Kaithi script)
- ಉಪಾನಹ್ (Kannada script)
- ឧបានហ៑ (Khmer script)
- ອຸປານຫ຺ (Lao script)
- ഉപാനഹ് (Malayalam script)
- ᡠᢒᠠ᠊ᠠᠨᠠᡥ (Manchu script)
- 𑘄𑘢𑘰𑘡𑘮𑘿 (Modi script)
- ᠤᢒᠠᢗᠨᠠᠾ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦤𑧂𑧑𑧁𑧎𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐄𑐥𑐵𑐣𑐴𑑂 (Newa script)
- ଉପାନହ୍ (Odia script)
- ꢆꢦꢵꢥꢲ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆇𑆥𑆳𑆤𑆲𑇀 (Sharada script)
- 𑖄𑖢𑖯𑖡𑖮𑖿 (Siddham script)
- උපානහ් (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩐𑩒𑩰𑩛𑩯𑪂 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚄𑚞𑚭𑚝𑚩𑚶 (Takri script)
- உபாநஹ் (Tamil script)
- ఉపానహ్ (Telugu script)
- อุปานหฺ (Thai script)
- ཨུ་པཱ་ན་ཧ྄ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒅𑒣𑒰𑒢𑒯𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨀𑨃𑨞𑨊𑨝𑨱𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *upo
Proto-Indo-Iranian *upa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hnadʰ-
Proto-Indo-Aryan *upaHnádʰ-
Sanskrit उपानह्
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *upaHnádʰ- (“that which is tied below”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *upa- (“under, below”) + *Hnadʰ- (“to tie, to bind”). By surface analysis, उप (upa, “under, below”) + नह् (nah, “to bind”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬐𐬀 (naska, “bundle”), 𐬥𐬀𐬜𐬀 (naδa, “headgear”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /u.pɑː.nɐ́ɦ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /u.pɑː.n̪ɐɦ/
Noun
उ॒पा॒नह् • (upānáh) stem, f
- a shoe, sandal
- c. 1200 BCE – 800 BCE, Kṛṣṇa-Yajurveda (Taittirīya Saṃhitā) V.4.4.4:
- ...मृत्युर् वा एष यद् अग्निः । ब्रह्मण एतद् रूपं यत् कृष्णाजिनम् । कार्ष्णी उपानहाव् उप मुञ्चते ब्रह्मणैव मृत्योर् अन्तर् धत्ते...
- ...mṛtyúr vā́ eṣá yád agníḥ. bráhmaṇa etád rūpáṃ yát kṛṣṇājinám. kā́rṣṇī upānáhāv úpa muñcate bráhmaṇaivá mṛtyór antár dhatte...
- ...the fire [represents] death; the black antelope skin [represents] holy power; he puts on a pair of sandals made of black antelope skin; verily by the holy power he shuts himself away from death...
- ...मृत्युर् वा एष यद् अग्निः । ब्रह्मण एतद् रूपं यत् कृष्णाजिनम् । कार्ष्णी उपानहाव् उप मुञ्चते ब्रह्मणैव मृत्योर् अन्तर् धत्ते...
Declension
The final -ह् (-h) of the root नह् (nah) normally reverts to a dental. In this case, conversion to a retroflex also occurs.
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | उ॒पा॒नत् (upānát) | उ॒पा॒नहौ॑ (upānáhau) उ॒पा॒नहा॑¹ (upānáhā¹) |
उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) |
| accusative | उ॒पा॒नह॑म् (upānáham) | उ॒पा॒नहौ॑ (upānáhau) उ॒पा॒नहा॑¹ (upānáhā¹) |
उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) |
| instrumental | उ॒पा॒नहा॑ (upānáhā) | उ॒पा॒नद्भ्या॑म् (upānádbhyām) | उ॒पा॒नद्भिः॑ (upānádbhiḥ) |
| dative | उ॒पा॒नहे॑ (upānáhe) | उ॒पा॒नद्भ्या॑म् (upānádbhyām) | उ॒पा॒नद्भ्यः॑ (upānádbhyaḥ) |
| ablative | उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) | उ॒पा॒नद्भ्या॑म् (upānádbhyām) | उ॒पा॒नद्भ्यः॑ (upānádbhyaḥ) |
| genitive | उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) | उ॒पा॒नहोः॑ (upānáhoḥ) | उ॒पा॒नहा॑म् (upānáhām) |
| locative | उ॒पा॒नहि॑ (upānáhi) | उ॒पा॒नहोः॑ (upānáhoḥ) | उ॒पा॒नत्सु॑ (upānátsu) |
| vocative | उपा॑नत् (úpānat) | उपा॑नहौ (úpānahau) उपा॑नहा¹ (úpānahā¹) |
उपा॑नहः (úpānahaḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | उ॒पा॒नट् (upānáṭ) | उ॒पा॒नहौ॑ (upānáhau) उ॒पा॒नहा॑¹ (upānáhā¹) |
उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) |
| accusative | उ॒पा॒नह॑म् (upānáham) | उ॒पा॒नहौ॑ (upānáhau) उ॒पा॒नहा॑¹ (upānáhā¹) |
उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) |
| instrumental | उ॒पा॒नहा॑ (upānáhā) | उ॒पा॒नड्भ्या॑म् (upānáḍbhyām) | उ॒पा॒नड्भिः॑ (upānáḍbhiḥ) |
| dative | उ॒पा॒नहे॑ (upānáhe) | उ॒पा॒नड्भ्या॑म् (upānáḍbhyām) | उ॒पा॒नड्भ्यः॑ (upānáḍbhyaḥ) |
| ablative | उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) | उ॒पा॒नड्भ्या॑म् (upānáḍbhyām) | उ॒पा॒नड्भ्यः॑ (upānáḍbhyaḥ) |
| genitive | उ॒पा॒नहः॑ (upānáhaḥ) | उ॒पा॒नहोः॑ (upānáhoḥ) | उ॒पा॒नहा॑म् (upānáhām) |
| locative | उ॒पा॒नहि॑ (upānáhi) | उ॒पा॒नहोः॑ (upānáhoḥ) | उ॒पा॒नट्सु॑ (upānáṭsu) |
| vocative | उपा॑नट् (úpānaṭ) | उपा॑नहौ (úpānahau) उपा॑नहा¹ (úpānahā¹) |
उपा॑नहः (úpānahaḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- उपानह (upānaha)
- चरणोपानह् (caraṇopānah)
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Gawar-Bati: پاݨے (pāṇē, “sandals”)
- Pali: upāhanā
- Prakrit: 𑀉𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀳𑀸 (uvāṇahā), 𑀉𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀬𑀸 (uvāṇayā), 𑀉𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀡𑀸 (uvāhaṇā), 𑀧𑀸𑀡𑀳𑀸 (pāṇahā), 𑀧𑀸𑀳𑀡𑀸 (pāhaṇā), 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀡𑀸 (vāhaṇā), 𑀯𑀸𑀡𑀳𑀸 (vāṇahā)
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “उपानह्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 213.
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “upānah”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890), “उपानह्”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 472
- Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1893), “उपानह्”, in A practical Sanskrit dictionary with transliteration, accentuation, and etymological analysis throughout, London: Oxford University Press, page 54
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “upānáh”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 108