در

See also: ڈر, ذر, دز, and دژ

Arabic

Etymology 1

Root
د ر ر (d r r)
6 terms

From Proto-Afroasiatic *dâr- (“to increase”). Cognate with Old South Arabian 𐩵𐩧𐩧 (drr, “abundance, harvest”).

Verb

دَرَّ • (darra) I (non-past يَدِرُّ (yadirru) or يَدُرُّ (yadurru), verbal noun دَرّ (darr))

(intransitive) to stream, to flow, to well
Synonyms: سَالَ (sāla), فَاضَ (fāḍa)
(intransitive) to accrue
(intransitive) to be abundant, to be plentiful

Conjugation

Conjugation of **دَرَّ** (I, geminate, a ~ i/u, impersonal passive (?), verbal noun **دَرّ**)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					دَرّ darr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					دَارّ dārr
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مَدْرُور madrūr
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	دَرَرْتُ darartu	دَرَرْتَ dararta	دَرَّ darra	دَرَرْتُمَا darartumā	دَرَّا darrā	دَرَرْنَا dararnā	دَرَرْتُمْ darartum	دَرُّوا darrū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	دَرَرْتُ darartu	دَرَرْتِ dararti	دَرَّتْ darrat	دَرَرْتُمَا darartumā	دَرَّتَا darratā	دَرَرْنَا dararnā	دَرَرْتُنَّ darartunna	دَرَرْنَ dararna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَدِرُّ, أَدُرُّ ʔadirru, ʔadurru	تَدِرُّ, تَدُرُّ tadirru, tadurru	يَدِرُّ, يَدُرُّ yadirru, yadurru	تَدِرَّانِ, تَدُرَّانِ tadirrāni, tadurrāni	يَدِرَّانِ, يَدُرَّانِ yadirrāni, yadurrāni	نَدِرُّ, نَدُرُّ nadirru, nadurru	تَدِرُّونَ, تَدُرُّونَ tadirrūna, tadurrūna	يَدِرُّونَ, يَدُرُّونَ yadirrūna, yadurrūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أَدِرُّ, أَدُرُّ ʔadirru, ʔadurru	تَدِرِّينَ, تَدُرِّينَ tadirrīna, tadurrīna	تَدِرُّ, تَدُرُّ tadirru, tadurru	تَدِرَّانِ, تَدُرَّانِ tadirrāni, tadurrāni	تَدِرَّانِ, تَدُرَّانِ tadirrāni, tadurrāni	نَدِرُّ, نَدُرُّ nadirru, nadurru	تَدْرِرْنَ, تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna, tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ, يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna, yadrurna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَدِرَّ, أَدُرَّ ʔadirra, ʔadurra	تَدِرَّ, تَدُرَّ tadirra, tadurra	يَدِرَّ, يَدُرَّ yadirra, yadurra	تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā	يَدِرَّا, يَدُرَّا yadirrā, yadurrā	نَدِرَّ, نَدُرَّ nadirra, nadurra	تَدِرُّوا, تَدُرُّوا tadirrū, tadurrū	يَدِرُّوا, يَدُرُّوا yadirrū, yadurrū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَدِرَّ, أَدُرَّ ʔadirra, ʔadurra	تَدِرِّي, تَدُرِّي tadirrī, tadurrī	تَدِرَّ, تَدُرَّ tadirra, tadurra	تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā	تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā	نَدِرَّ, نَدُرَّ nadirra, nadurra	تَدْرِرْنَ, تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna, tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ, يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna, yadrurna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَدِرَّ, أَدِرِّ, أَدْرِرْ, أَدُرَّ, أَدُرِّ, أَدْرُرْ ʔadirra, ʔadirri, ʔadrir, ʔadurra, ʔadurri, ʔadrur	تَدِرَّ, تَدِرِّ, تَدْرِرْ, تَدُرَّ, تَدُرِّ, تَدْرُرْ tadirra, tadirri, tadrir, tadurra, tadurri, tadrur	يَدِرَّ, يَدِرِّ, يَدْرِرْ, يَدُرَّ, يَدُرِّ, يَدْرُرْ yadirra, yadirri, yadrir, yadurra, yadurri, yadrur	تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā	يَدِرَّا, يَدُرَّا yadirrā, yadurrā	نَدِرَّ, نَدِرِّ, نَدْرِرْ, نَدُرَّ, نَدُرِّ, نَدْرُرْ nadirra, nadirri, nadrir, nadurra, nadurri, nadrur	تَدِرُّوا, تَدُرُّوا tadirrū, tadurrū	يَدِرُّوا, يَدُرُّوا yadirrū, yadurrū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f		تَدِرِّي, تَدُرِّي tadirrī, tadurrī	تَدِرَّ, تَدِرِّ, تَدْرِرْ, تَدُرَّ, تَدُرِّ, تَدْرُرْ tadirra, tadirri, tadrir, tadurra, tadurri, tadrur	تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā	تَدِرَّا, تَدُرَّا tadirrā, tadurrā		تَدْرِرْنَ, تَدْرُرْنَ tadrirna, tadrurna	يَدْرِرْنَ, يَدْرُرْنَ yadrirna, yadrurna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		دِرَّ, دِرِّ, اِدْرِرْ, دُرَّ, دُرِّ, اُدْرُرْ dirra, dirri, idrir, durra, durri, udrur		دِرَّا, دُرَّا dirrā, durrā			دِرُّوا, دُرُّوا dirrū, durrū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		دِرِّي, دُرِّي dirrī, durrī		دِرَّا, دُرَّا dirrā, durrā			اِدْرِرْنَ, اُدْرُرْنَ idrirna, udrurna

passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	—	—	دُرَّ durra	—	—	—	—	—
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	—	—	يُدَرُّ yudarru	—	—	—	—	—
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	—	—	يُدَرَّ yudarra	—	—	—	—	—
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	—	—	يُدَرَّ, يُدَرِّ, يُدْرَرْ yudarra, yudarri, yudrar	—	—	—	—	—
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Etymology 2

Noun

دَرّ • (darr) m

verbal noun of دَرَّ (darra) (form I)
copious flow of milk
milk, lactation
achievement, accomplishment
nature, natural disposition
soul, mind, intellect

Declension

Declension of noun **دَرّ** (darr)
singular	basic singular triptote
singular	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دَرّ darr	الدَّرّ ad-darr	دَرّ darr
nominative	دَرٌّ darrun	الدَّرُّ ad-darru	دَرُّ darru
accusative	دَرًّا darran	الدَّرَّ ad-darra	دَرَّ darra
genitive	دَرٍّ darrin	الدَّرِّ ad-darri	دَرِّ darri

Derived terms

لِلَّٰهِ دَرُّكَ (lillāhi darruka)

References

Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “در”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[1], London: W.H. Allen

Etymology 3

Noun

دُرّ • (durr) m (collective, singulative دُرَّة f (durra), paucal دُرَّات (durrāt) or دُرَر (durar))

pearls
Synonym: لُؤْلُؤ (luʔluʔ)

Declension

Declension of noun **دُرّ** (durr)
collective	basic collective triptote
collective	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرّ durr	الدُّرّ ad-durr	دُرّ durr
nominative	دُرٌّ durrun	الدُّرُّ ad-durru	دُرُّ durru
accusative	دُرًّا durran	الدُّرَّ ad-durra	دُرَّ durra
genitive	دُرٍّ durrin	الدُّرِّ ad-durri	دُرِّ durri
singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
singulative	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرَّة durra	الدُّرَّة ad-durra	دُرَّة durrat
nominative	دُرَّةٌ durratun	الدُّرَّةُ ad-durratu	دُرَّةُ durratu
accusative	دُرَّةً durratan	الدُّرَّةَ ad-durrata	دُرَّةَ durrata
genitive	دُرَّةٍ durratin	الدُّرَّةِ ad-durrati	دُرَّةِ durrati
dual	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرَّتَيْن durratayn	الدُّرَّتَيْن ad-durratayn	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
nominative	دُرَّتَانِ durratāni	الدُّرَّتَانِ ad-durratāni	دُرَّتَا durratā
accusative	دُرَّتَيْنِ durratayni	الدُّرَّتَيْنِ ad-durratayni	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
genitive	دُرَّتَيْنِ durratayni	الدُّرَّتَيْنِ ad-durratayni	دُرَّتَيْ durratay
paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal‎; basic broken paucal triptote
paucal (3-10)	indefinite	definite	construct
informal	دُرَّات‎; دُرَر durrāt‎; durar	الدُّرَّات‎; الدُّرَر ad-durrāt‎; ad-durar	دُرَّات‎; دُرَر durrāt‎; durar
nominative	دُرَّاتٌ‎; دُرَرٌ durrātun‎; durarun	الدُّرَّاتُ‎; الدُّرَرُ ad-durrātu‎; ad-duraru	دُرَّاتُ‎; دُرَرُ durrātu‎; duraru
accusative	دُرَّاتٍ‎; دُرَرًا durrātin‎; duraran	الدُّرَّاتِ‎; الدُّرَرَ ad-durrāti‎; ad-durara	دُرَّاتِ‎; دُرَرَ durrāti‎; durara
genitive	دُرَّاتٍ‎; دُرَرٍ durrātin‎; durarin	الدُّرَّاتِ‎; الدُّرَرِ ad-durrāti‎; ad-durari	دُرَّاتِ‎; دُرَرِ durrāti‎; durari

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: dürr
→ Uzbek: dur
→ Northern Kurdish: durr

Etymology 4

Verb

دُرْ • (dur) (form I) /dur/

second-person masculine singular imperative of دَارَ (dāra)

Central Kurdish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dəɾ/

Noun

در (dir)

(dialectal, Erbil) alternative form of دڵ (dill, “heart”)

Kalami

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer-

Proto-Indo-European *-s

Proto-Indo-European *dʰwṓr

Sanskrit द्वार् (dvā́r)

Sanskrit *द्वर (*dvara)

Kalami در

Inherited from Sanskrit *द्वर (*dvara), from द्वार् (dvā́r), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwṓr, from *dʰwer- + *-s.

Pronunciation

Tone class: Hy
IPA^(key): /d̪ə́(ː)ɾ/

Noun

در (där) m

door

References

Baart, Joan L. G. (1997), “där”, in The sounds and tones of Kalam Kohistani: with wordlist and texts (Studies in Languages of Northern Pakistan; 1)‎^[2], National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University; Summer Institute of Linguistics, page 86
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “*dvara”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 380

Old Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian (dar).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /daɾu/

Noun

در (dr /daru/) (Gurmukhi ਦਰੁ)

door

Descendants

Punjabi: (dar)
Gurmukhi script: ਦਰ

Shahmukhi script: در

References

“در”, in Kalam Baba Farid, Bait (or page) 1, 12th Century.

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Noun

در • (der)

alternative form of تر (ter, “sweat”)

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian (durr), from Arabic دُرّ (durr).

Noun

در • (dür)

pearl
(figurative) a beautiful girl

Etymology 3

From Persian (dar).

Preposition

در • (der)

in, into
within, among

Etymology 4

Contraction of دورور (durur, “it stands”).

Verb

در • (dır, dir, dur, dür)

(he, she, it) is; (they) are

Descendants

Turkish: -dır, -dir, -dur, -dür

Etymology 5

Phrase

در • (dur)

it is

Alternative forms

دورر, دور — considered old by the 19th century

References

Redhouse, James W. (1890), “در”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[3], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 892

Pashto

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /dar/

Pronoun

در • (dar)

toward you (pronominal prefix of the second person)

Persian

Etymology 1

Appears in the 1100s, a contraction of earlier Classical Persian (andar), from Middle Persian 𐭡𐭩𐭭 (byn /⁠andar⁠/, “in, among, towards, concerning”), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎫𐎼 (aⁿtar, “among, within”), from Proto-Iranian, Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hantara-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈdar/

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ä]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪ä]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	dar
Dari reading^?	dar
Iranian reading^?	dar
Tajik reading^?	dar

Audio (Iran): (file)
Rhymes: -ar

Preposition

Picture dictionary

در

Prepositions of location

در • (dar) (Tajik spelling дар) (formal in Iran; normal elsewhere)

at, in, inside, within
Synonyms: داخل (dâxel-e), درون (darun-e)

― dar xâne ― at home

― dar kif ― in a bag
in, on; used of time units.
― dar ruz-e yekšambe ― on Monday

― dar sâl-e 2024 ― in the year 2024
by, per
― darsad ― percent (literally, “per hundred”)

― do metr dar do metr ― two by two meters

Usage notes

In colloquial Iranian Persian, (tu) is normally used instead of (dar) in all contexts except for fixed, idiomatic phrases. However, only (dar) is used in formal or literary contexts.
In colloquial Dari Persian, (dar) is still used but pronounced and often written (da).

Etymology 2

From Middle Persian 𐭡𐭡𐭠 (dar, “gate, court, palace, chapter, subject”), from Old Persian 𐎯𐎺𐎼𐎹𐎠 (duvar-, “door, gate”), from Proto-Iranian *dwar- (compare Northern Kurdish derî, Ossetian дуар (dwar), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨 (duuar^əm)), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwar- (compare Sanskrit द्वार (dvā́ra), Hindi बार (bār) / Urdu بار (bār)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwer- (“gate, door”) (compare English door, German Tür, Armenian դուռ (duṙ), Irish doras and Russian дверь (dverʹ)).^[2]

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈdar/

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	dar
Dari reading^?	dar
Iranian reading^?	dar
Tajik reading^?	dar

Audio (Iran): (file)

Noun

در • (dar) (plural درها (dar-hā / dar-hâ), Tajik spelling дар) (uncommon in Dari; normal elsewhere)

door
Synonym: (more common in Dari) دروازه (darwāza / darvâze)

― dar bâz šod. ― The door opened.
lid
Synonym: (more common in Dari) سر (sar)

― dar-e tâbe ― frying pan lid
(dated) court
(dated) topic, subject
(dated) chapter

Usage notes

The usage of در as "door" or "lid", while still understood, has become uncommon in Dari.

Derived terms

دری (dari)
دربار (darbâr)

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Arabic دُرّ (durr).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈdur/

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪ʊɾ]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪uɾ]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪oɹ]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪uɾ]

Readings
Classical reading^?	dur
Dari reading^?	dur
Iranian reading^?	dor
Tajik reading^?	dur

Noun

در • (dorr)

(rare) pearl
Synonym: مروارید (murwārīd / morvârid)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ˈdarr/

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪æɹ(ː)]

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [d̪äɾ(ː)]

Readings
Classical reading^?	darr
Dari reading^?	darr
Iranian reading^?	darr
Tajik reading^?	darr

Verb

در • (dar)

present stem form of (daridan)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /deɾ/

Verb

در • (der)

(dialectal, Mashhad) present stem form of
hâlâ kam kam mi-binom kâr dera bâlâ mi-gire.
(please add an English translation of this usage example)

References

^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 161
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2003), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 500

Sindhi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian (dar)

Noun

دَرُ • (daru) m (Devanagari दरु)

door

Tashelhit

Verb

در (ddr)

Arabic spelling of ddr

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian (dar). Doublet of دوار (dvār).

Noun

دَر • (dar) m (Hindi spelling दर) (poetic)

door

Related terms

دروازہ (darwāza, “door”)
دربار (darbâr, “royal court, durbar”)

Ushojo

Etymology 1

Preposition

در (dar)

inside, in, into

Adverb

در (dar)

in something

Etymology 2

From Classical Persian (dar).

Noun

در (dar)

door
Synonym: دروازو (darvāzō)

[1] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2000), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 161

[2] Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2003), Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 500

[1]

[2]

Arabic

Etymology 1

Verb

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

References

Etymology 3

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Etymology 4

Verb

Central Kurdish

Pronunciation

Noun

Kalami

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Old Punjabi

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants

References

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Noun

Etymology 3

Preposition

Etymology 4

Verb

Descendants

Etymology 5

Phrase

Alternative forms

References

Pashto

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Persian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Preposition

Usage notes

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Usage notes

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Verb

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Verb

References

Further reading

Sindhi

Etymology

Noun

Further reading

Tashelhit

Verb

Urdu

Etymology

Noun

Related terms

Ushojo

Etymology 1

Preposition