ψάω
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- ψώω (psṓō)
Etymology
Traditionally compared to Sanskrit प्साति॑ (psā́ti, “to chew, eat, devour”) and explained as vocalic enlargements from Proto-Indo-European *bʰes-, found in Sanskrit बभ॑स्ति (bábhasti, “to chew, devour”). Meier-Brügger links the word to Hittite [Term?] (/peš/, “to rub, scrub”), which departs from the root *pes-. According to Beekes, the Indo-European explanations must be given up; the group of words is probably Pre-Greek, especially given the coexistence of ψαίω (psaíō), ψαύω (psaúō) and ψίω (psíō), which cannot be explained if we start from a PIE form.[1]
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /psǎː.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpsa.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpsa.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpsa.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpsa.o/
Verb
ψάω • (psáō)
Inflection
Present: ψῶ, ψῶμαι (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ψῶ | ψῇς | ψῇ | ψῆτον | ψῆτον | ψῶμεν | ψῆτε | ψῶσῐ(ν) | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῶ | ψῇς | ψῇ | ψῆτον | ψῆτον | ψῶμεν | ψῆτε | ψῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψῴην, ψῷμῐ |
ψῴης, ψῷς |
ψῴη, ψῷ |
ψῷτον, ψῴητον |
ψῴτην, ψῳήτην |
ψῷμεν, ψῴημεν |
ψῷτε, ψῴητε |
ψῷεν, ψῴησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ψῆ | ψήτω | ψῆτον | ψήτων | ψῆτε | ψώντων | |||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ψῶμαι | ψῇ | ψῆται | ψῆσθον | ψῆσθον | ψώμεθᾰ | ψῆσθε | ψῶνται | ||||
| subjunctive | ψῶμαι | ψῇ | ψῆται | ψῆσθον | ψῆσθον | ψώμεθᾰ | ψῆσθε | ψῶνται | |||||
| optative | ψῴμην | ψῷο | ψῷτο | ψῷσθον | ψῴσθην | ψῴμεθᾰ | ψῷσθε | ψῷντο | |||||
| imperative | ψῶ | ψήσθω | ψῆσθον | ψήσθων | ψῆσθε | ψήσθων | |||||||
| active | middle/ | ||||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῆν | ψῆσθαι | |||||||||||
| participle | m | ψῶν | ψώμενος | ||||||||||
| f | ψῶσᾰ | ψωμένη | |||||||||||
| n | ψῶν | ψώμενον | |||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Imperfect: ἔψων, ἐψώμην (Contracted)
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔψων | ἔψης | ἔψη | ἐψῆτον | ἐψήτην | ἐψῶμεν | ἐψῆτε | ἔψων | ||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἐψώμην | ἐψῶ | ἐψῆτο | ἐψῆσθον | ἐψήσθην | ἐψώμεθᾰ | ἐψῆσθε | ἐψῶντο | ||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Future: ψήσω, ψήσομαι, ψηθήσομαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ψήσω | ψήσεις | ψήσει | ψήσετον | ψήσετον | ψήσομεν | ψήσετε | ψήσουσῐ(ν) | ||||
| optative | ψήσοιμῐ | ψήσοις | ψήσοι | ψήσοιτον | ψησοίτην | ψήσοιμεν | ψήσοιτε | ψήσοιεν | |||||
| middle | indicative | ψήσομαι | ψήσῃ, ψήσει |
ψήσεται | ψήσεσθον | ψήσεσθον | ψησόμεθᾰ | ψήσεσθε | ψήσονται | ||||
| optative | ψησοίμην | ψήσοιο | ψήσοιτο | ψήσοισθον | ψησοίσθην | ψησοίμεθᾰ | ψήσοισθε | ψήσοιντο | |||||
| passive | indicative | ψηθήσομαι | ψηθήσῃ, ψηθήσει |
ψηθήσεται | ψηθήσεσθον | ψηθήσεσθον | ψηθησόμεθᾰ | ψηθήσεσθε | ψηθήσονται | ||||
| optative | ψηθησοίμην | ψηθήσοιο | ψηθήσοιτο | ψηθήσοισθον | ψηθησοίσθην | ψηθησοίμεθᾰ | ψηθήσοισθε | ψηθήσοιντο | |||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ψήσειν | ψήσεσθαι | ψηθήσεσθαι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ψήσων | ψησόμενος | ψηθησόμενος | |||||||||
| f | ψήσουσᾰ | ψησομένη | ψηθησομένη | ||||||||||
| n | ψῆσον | ψησόμενον | ψηθησόμενον | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Aorist: ἔψησᾰ, ἐψησᾰ́μην, ἐψήθην
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| active | indicative | ἔψησᾰ | ἔψησᾰς | ἔψησε(ν) | ἐψήσᾰτον | ἐψησᾰ́την | ἐψήσᾰμεν | ἐψήσᾰτε | ἔψησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ψήσω | ψήσῃς | ψήσῃ | ψήσητον | ψήσητον | ψήσωμεν | ψήσητε | ψήσωσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψήσαιμῐ | ψήσειᾰς, ψήσαις |
ψήσειε(ν), ψήσαι |
ψήσαιτον | ψησαίτην | ψήσαιμεν | ψήσαιτε | ψήσειᾰν, ψήσαιεν | |||||
| imperative | ψῆσον | ψησᾰ́τω | ψήσᾰτον | ψησᾰ́των | ψήσᾰτε | ψησᾰ́ντων | |||||||
| middle | indicative | ἐψησᾰ́μην | ἐψήσω | ἐψήσᾰτο | ἐψήσᾰσθον | ἐψησᾰ́σθην | ἐψησᾰ́μεθᾰ | ἐψήσᾰσθε | ἐψήσᾰντο | ||||
| subjunctive | ψήσωμαι | ψήσῃ | ψήσηται | ψήσησθον | ψήσησθον | ψησώμεθᾰ | ψήσησθε | ψήσωνται | |||||
| optative | ψησαίμην | ψήσαιο | ψήσαιτο | ψήσαισθον | ψησαίσθην | ψησαίμεθᾰ | ψήσαισθε | ψήσαιντο | |||||
| imperative | ψῆσαι | ψησᾰ́σθω | ψήσᾰσθον | ψησᾰ́σθων | ψήσᾰσθε | ψησᾰ́σθων | |||||||
| passive | indicative | ἐψήθην | ἐψήθης | ἐψήθη | ἐψήθητον | ἐψηθήτην | ἐψήθημεν | ἐψήθητε | ἐψήθησᾰν | ||||
| subjunctive | ψηθῶ | ψηθῇς | ψηθῇ | ψηθῆτον | ψηθῆτον | ψηθῶμεν | ψηθῆτε | ψηθῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ψηθείην | ψηθείης | ψηθείη | ψηθεῖτον, ψηθείητον |
ψηθείτην, ψηθειήτην |
ψηθεῖμεν, ψηθείημεν |
ψηθεῖτε, ψηθείητε |
ψηθεῖεν, ψηθείησᾰν | |||||
| imperative | ψήθητῐ | ψηθήτω | ψήθητον | ψηθήτων | ψήθητε | ψηθέντων | |||||||
| active | middle | passive | |||||||||||
| infinitive | ψῆσαι | ψήσᾰσθαι | ψηθῆναι | ||||||||||
| participle | m | ψήσᾱς | ψησᾰ́μενος | ψηθείς | |||||||||
| f | ψήσᾱσᾰ | ψησᾰμένη | ψηθεῖσᾰ | ||||||||||
| n | ψῆσᾰν | ψησᾰ́μενον | ψηθέν | ||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Perfect: ἔψημαι
| number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
| middle/ |
indicative | ἔψημαι | ἔψησαι | ἔψηται | ἔψησθον | ἔψησθον | ἐψήμεθᾰ | ἔψησθε | ἔψηνται | ||||
| subjunctive | ἐψημένος ὦ | ἐψημένος ᾖς | ἐψημένος ᾖ | ἐψημένω ἦτον | ἐψημένω ἦτον | ἐψημένοι ὦμεν | ἐψημένοι ἦτε | ἐψημένοι ὦσῐ(ν) | |||||
| optative | ἐψημένος εἴην | ἐψημένος εἴης | ἐψημένος εἴη | ἐψημένω εἴητον, εἶτον |
ἐψημένω εἰήτην, εἴτην |
ἐψημένοι εἴημεν, εἶμεν |
ἐψημένοι εἴητε, εἶτε |
ἐψημένοι εἴησᾰν, εἶεν | |||||
| imperative | ἔψησο | ἐψήσθω | ἔψησθον | ἐψήσθων | ἔψησθε | ἐψήσθων | |||||||
| middle/ | |||||||||||||
| infinitive | ἐψῆσθαι | ||||||||||||
| participle | m | ἐψημένος | |||||||||||
| f | ἐψημένη | ||||||||||||
| n | ἐψημένον | ||||||||||||
| Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- παλίμψηστος (palímpsēstos)
Related terms
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ψῆν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1665
Further reading
- “ψάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ψάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ψάω in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ψάω, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011