List of wars involving Mongolia

The following is an incomplete list of major wars fought by Mongolia, by Mongolian people or regular armies during periods when independent Mongolian states existed, from antiquity to the present day.

The list gives the name, the date, combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

  Mongolian victory
  Mongolian defeat
  Another result
(e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, result unknown or indecisive etc.)
  Ongoing conflict

Mongolian tribes

This section contains list of wars involving Xianbei, Wuhuan, Wusun and other Mongol tribes.

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
2nd century Wuhuan Uprising Wuhuan Northern Xiongnu Wuhuan victory
97–130 Raids on cities Liaodong Peninsula Xianbei Han Dynasty Unclear
117 Xianbei Conflict with Wusun Xianbei Wusun Xianbei defeat
119 Raid on Ma-chen-sai Xianbei Xiongnu Defeat
122 The attack on Yanmen and Dingxiang Xianbei Han Dynasty Defeat
123 Attack's on Northern Xiongnu Xianbei Xiongnu Victory
155 Dismemberment Xiongnu Xianbei
Han Dynasty 		Xiongnu Victory
2nd century Xianbei-Buyeo conflict Xianbei Buyeo Victory
2nd century Tanshihuay's campaign against Wusun Xianbei Wusun Xianbei victory
166 Great campaign to Caspian Sea by Tanshihuay Xianbei Everything on way to Caspian Sea Victory
2nd–3rd century Helyan's raid on China. Xianbei Han Dynasty Defeat

Rouran Khaganate

This section contains list of wars involving Rouran Khaganate

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
508–540 Rouran-Tiele people wars Rouran Khaganate Tiele people Victory
554–555 Ashina Revolt Rouran Khaganate First Turkic Khaganate Defeat
  • Destruction of the Rouran Khaganate

Khitan Empire/Liao Dynasty

This section contains list of wars involving Liao Dynasty

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
906–926 The conquest of the Balhae State Liao Dynasty Balhae Victory
  • Destruction of the Balhae State
923–936 The proxy war with the Later Tang Liao Dynasty Later Tang Victory
979 Battle of Gaoliang river Liao Dynasty Song Dynasty Victory
986 Battle of Qigou Pass Liao Dynasty Song Dynasty Victory
993 First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War Liao Dynasty Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1010–1011 Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War Liao Dynasty Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1019 Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War Liao Dynasty Kingdom of Goryeo Defeat
1114–1125 Jin-Khitan war Liao Dynasty Jin dynasty (1115–1234) Defeat
  • Liao Empire destroyed

Mongol Empire

This section contains list of wars involving Mongol Empire.

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1187 Battle of Dalan Balzhat Genghis Khan Jamukha Genghis Khan defeat
1204 Battle of Chakirmaut Genghis Khan Jamukha Genghis Khan victory
1201–1308 Mongol campaigns in Siberia Mongol Empire Various Siberian tribes Victory
1205–1210 Mongol conquest of Western Xia Mongol Empire Western Xia Victory
1206–1368 Mongol invasions and conquests Mongol Empire Multiple kingdoms and dynasties Victory
1206–1368 Mongol campaigns in Central Asia Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire Victory
1209 Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Qocho Mongol Empire Kingdom of Qocho Victory
1211–1234 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty Mongol Empire Jin dynasty Victory
1216–1218 Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai Mongol Empire Qara Khitai Victory
1217, 1222–1233 Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia Mongol Empire Eastern Xia Victory
1219–1258 Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire, Abbasid Caliphate, Nizari Ismaili state Victory
1219–1221 Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire Victory
1218 First Kyrgyz Revolt against Mongol Empire Mongol Empire Kyrgyz states Victory
  • Leader of revolt Kurlun executed
  • Thousands of Kyrgyz people massacred
1220–1221 Mongol invasion of Khorasan Mongol Empire Khwarazmian Empire Victory
1220–1223 The Mongol conquest of Cumania Mongol Empire Kipchaks Victory
1220–1238 Mongol invasions of Georgia Mongol Empire Kingdom of Georgia Victory
1220-1231 Mongol invasions of Azerbaijan Mongol Empire Atabegs of Azerbaijan Victory
1220–1236 Mongol invasions of Armenia Mongol Empire Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Victory
1221–1225 First Mongol invasions of India Mongol Empire Punjab
Sindh
Kerman 		Defeat
1223–1240 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Mongol Empire Vladimir-Suzdal
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Novgorod Republic
Smolensk
Rostov
Chernigov
Ryazan
Pereyaslavl 		Victory
1223–1236 The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria Mongol Empire Volga Bulgaria Victory
1225–1227 Punitive expedition in Western Xia Mongol Empire Western Xia Victory
1227 1227 Incident Mongol Empire Jin Dynasty Mongols ravaged
  • Jie (階)
  • Feng (鳳)
  • Cheng (成)
  • He (和)
  • Tianshui (天水)
  • Wenzhou(文州) prefectures
1231 First Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1232 Second Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Defeat
1235–1239 Third Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1240–1241 Mongol invasion of Tibet Mongol Empire Tibet Victory
1235–1279 Mongol conquest of Song China Mongol Empire Song dynasty Victory
1235–1241 Mongol conquest of Kashmir Mongol Empire Kashmir
Deli Sultanate 		Defeat
1237–1253 First Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi Mongol Empire Chechens
Ingush
Ossetians
Lezgins
Avars
Alans 		Victory
1237–1253 Mongol invasion of Circassia Mongol Empire Circassians Defeat
1240–1241 First Mongol invasion of Poland Mongol Empire Kingdom of Poland
Knights Templar
Teutonic Knights
Knights Hospitaller 		Victory
1241–1242 Mongol invasion of Moldova and Wallachia Mongol Empire Moldova and Wallachia Victory
1241–1243 Mongol invasion of Anatolia Mongol Empire Sultanate of Rum
Georgian auxiliaries
Trapezuntine auxiliaries
Latin mercenaries 		Victory
1242 First Mongol invasion of Hungary Mongol Empire Kingdom of Hungary Victory
1242 Mongol invasion of the Bulgaria Mongol Empire Second Bulgarian Empire Victory
1242 Mongol invasion of Serbia Mongol Empire Serbia Victory
1242 Fourth Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1253 Mongolian conquest of Dali Kingdom Mongol Empire Dali Kingdom Victory
1253–1256 Mongol campaign against the Nizaris Mongol Empire Nizari Ismailis (Assassins) Victory
  • Destruction of key fortresses including Alamut Castle
  • End of the Nizari state in Persia
1254–1255 Kashmir uprising Mongol Empire Kashmir rebels Uprising crushed
1255 Fifth the Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Victory
1258 Mongol invasion of Iraq Mongol Empire Abbasid Iraq Victory
1257–1258 First Mongol invasion of Delhi Sultanate Mongol Empire Delhi Sultanate Peaceful agreement
1257–1258 Dai Viet-Mongol War Mongol Empire Tran Dynasty
Champa 		Defeat
1258 Sixth Mongol invasion of Korea Mongol Empire Kingdom of Goryeo Peaceful agreement
1260 Mongol invasions of the Levant Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire
Kingdom of England
Knights Templar
Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264) 		Mamluk Sultanate
Ayyubids
Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264)
Karamanid rebels
Abbasid Caliphate
  • Mongol victory over the Abbasids, Ayyubids and Nizaris
  • Mamluk victory over the Mongols
  • Treaty of Aleppo
1261 2nd Kyrgyz Revolt against Mongol Empire Mongol Empire Kem-Kemjiut state Victory
1274 First Mongol invasion of Japan Mongol Empire Kamakura Japan Defeat
1264 Mongol invasions of Sakhalin Mongol Empire Sakhalin Ainu Victory
1281 Second Mongol invasion of Japan Mongol Empire Kamakura Japan Defeat
1293–1298 Second Mongol invasion of Delhi Sultanate Mongol Empire Delhi Sultanate Defeat

Mongolian States

Further information: List of wars and battles involving the Golden Horde

This section contains list of wars involving different Mongolian states existed between the 13th and 14th centuries.

Golden Horde

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1252-1259 War between Galicia–Volhynia and the Golden Horde[1] Golden Horde Principality, since 1253 Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Vladimir–Suzdal 		Victory
1252 Nevryuy's campaign Golden Horde Vladimir–Suzdal Victory
1252–1258 Kuremsa war Golden Horde Principality, since 1253 Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia Defeat
1253-1258 Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia Mongol Empire Nizari Ismaili state
Abbasid Caliphate 		Victory
1258–59 Lithuanian campaign[2][3] Golden Horde
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 		Grand Duchy of Lithuania Victory
1259–1260 Second Mongol invasion of Poland Golden Horde
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 		Polish states Victory
1260-1264 Toluid Civil War Golden Horde
Yuan Dynasty(Kublai Khan)
Chagatai Khanate
Ilkhanate 		Yuan Dynasty(Ariq Böke) Victory
1262 Berke-Hulagu war Golden Horde Ilkhanate Inconclusive
1263-1264 Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace Golden Horde Byzantine Empire Victory
1268–1301 Kaidu–Kublai war Yuan dynasty
Ilkhanate 		Chagatai Khanate
Golden Horde 		Inconclusive
1275–1276 Ruthenians and Mongols winter raid to Lithuania Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
Golden Horde 		Grand Duchy of Lithuania Defeat
1277-1280 Uprising of Ivaylo Golden Horde
Byzantine Empire
Second Bulgarian Empire 		Ivaylo's rebel forces Defeat
1280's-1290's Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde Golden Horde Kingdom of Serbia
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Syrmia 		Defeat
1285–1286 Second Mongol invasion of Hungary Golden Horde Kingdom of Hungary Defeat
1287–1288 Third Mongol invasion of Poland Golden Horde
Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 		Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary 		Defeat
1289 Rostov Uprising of 1289 Golden Horde Principality of Rostov Victory
1293 Dyuden's campaigns[4] Golden Horde Russian principalities Victory
  • Vladimir, Tver and Moscow ravaged[4][5]
1294-1300 Nogai–Toqta conflict[6] Toqta's army Nogai khan's army Toqta Victory
1307-1308 Genoese–Mongol Wars Golden Horde Republic of Genoa Victory
1314–1316 Struggle for Novgorod[7] Principality of Moscow
Pro-Moscow Novgorod

Golden Horde

Principality of Tver
Pro-Tver Novgorod

Golden Horde

Muscovite victory[7]
1317 Battle of Bortenevo Principality of Moscow
Golden Horde[8] 		Principality of Tver Tverian victory[8][9]
1320-1322 Four Özbeg Khan punitive
expeditions against Moscow[10] 		Golden Horde
Principality of Tver 		Principality of Moscow
Novgorod Republic 		Tverian victory[11]
1327 Tver Uprising of 1327 Golden Horde
Ivan I of Moscow
Aleksandr of Suzdal 		Principality of Tver
G. P. of Vladimir[a] 		Victory
1340–1392 Galicia–Volhynia Wars Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Golden Horde[b] 		Kingdom of Poland

Kingdom of Hungary
Golden Horde[b]

Defeat
1343–1347 Siege of Caffa Golden Horde Genoese Gazaria
Republic of Genoa
Republic of Venice 		Defeat
1359–1382 Great Troubles Mamai in Crimea

Tokhtamysh and allies

Khans at Sarai

Khans at Sighnaq

other Horde warlords

Tokhtamysh victory
1386–1395 Tokhtamysh–Timur war Golden Horde Timurid Empire Defeat
1399 Battle of the Vorskla River Golden Horde Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Kingdom of Poland
Moldavia
Wallachia
Teutonic Order
Forces of Tokhtamysh

Victory
1408 Edigu's campaign to Moscow Golden Horde Principality of Moscow Victory
  • Edigu attacked Moscow and extracted
    a ransom before retreating[15]
1419–1440s Fragmentation of the Golden Horde
  • Succession crises ever since Edigu's death (1419)
 Warlords Warlords Fragmentation
1420 Siege of Sarai Ulugh Muhammad[c] Dawlat Berdi Dawlat Berdi victory
1437 Battle of Belyov Ulugh Muhammad[c] Principality of Moscow Ulugh Muhammad victory
1430s,
1442,
1453 		Genoese–Great Horde conflicts
with the Crimean Khanate 		Great Horde
Genoese Gazaria
Republic of Genoa 		Crimean Khanate
Principality of Theodoro
(1442) 		Inconclusive[d]
1460s Genoese–Crimean conflict
with the Great Horde 		Great Horde Genoese Gazaria
Crimean Khanate 		Inconclusive
1470 Battle of Lipnic Great Horde Moldavia Moldavian victory
1480 Great Stand on the Ugra River Great Horde Principality of Moscow Tactical Muscovite victory;
strategically inconclusive[16]
1486–1491 Great Horde–Crimean Khanate conflict
(part of the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1487–1494))[17] 		Great Horde
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Kingdom of Poland 		Crimean Khanate
Ottoman Empire
Principality of Moscow 		Indecisive
1500–1502 Crimean conquest of the Great Horde
(part of the Lithuanian–Muscovite War (1500–1503))[18] 		Great Horde
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Livonian Confederation 		Crimean Khanate
Ottoman Empire
Principality of Moscow 		Crimean victory[19][20][18]

Ilkhanate

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1236 Mongol invasions of Georgia Mongol Empire
  • Ilkhanate
 Kingdom of Georgia
  • Armenian vassals
 Victory
  • Mongolia subjugates Georgia and Armenia[21]
1242 Mongol invasions of Anatolia Mongol Empire
  • Ilkhanate
  • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
  • Kingdom of Georgia
 Sultanate of Rum Victory
1242 Battle of Erzurum[22] Mongol Empire
  • Ilkhanate
  • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
  • Kingdom of Georgia
 Sultanate of Rum Victory
1242 Battle of Köse Dağ Mongol Empire
  • Ilkhanate
  • Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
  • Kingdom of Georgia
 Sultanate of Rum Victory
1253-1258 Mongol conquest of Persia and Mesopotamia Mongol Empire Nizari Ismaili state
Abbasid Caliphate 		Victory
1258 Siege of Baghdad Mongol Empire Abbasid Caliphate Victory
1258 Sack of Wasit[23] Mongol Empire Abbasid Caliphate Victory
1260 Siege of Aleppo (1260) Ilkhanate Ayyubid dynasty Victory
1260-1323 Mongol invasions of the Levant Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1260 Battle of Baalbek Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1260 Battle of Al-Subayda Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1260 Battle of Ain Jalut Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1260 First Battle of Homs Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1260 Mamluk invasion to Anatolia Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1260 Relief of Kayseri Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1261-1262 Mosul and Cizre Rebellion[24] Ilkhanate Mosul and Cizre Rebellion forces Victory
1262 Berke-Hulagu War Ilkhanate Golden Horde Inconclusive
1262 Berke's invasion of Azerbaijan[25] Ilkhanate Golden Horde Defeat
1263 Battle of the Terek River[26] Ilkhanate Golden Horde Defeat
1270 Baraq Khan's invasion of Ilkhanate[27]
  • Battle of Qara-Su
 Ilkhanate Chagatai Khanate Victory
1271 Mamluk-Ilkhanid War of 1271 Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1271 Capture of Aleppo Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1271 Raid of Qalaat al-Madiq[28] Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1271 Capture of Apamea Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1271 – May 1272 Lord Edward's Crusade Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Cyprus
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Antioch-Tripoli
Military orders:
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller
Teutonic Order
Ilkhanate 		Mamluk Sultanate
Bahri Mamluks 		Inconclusive
1273 Sack of Bukhara[29] Ilkhanate Chagatai Khanate Victory
1277 Battle of Elbistan Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1281 Second Battle of Homs Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1290 Golden Horde-Ilkhanid conflict[30] Ilkhanate Golden Horde Victory
1290 Rebellion of Nawrūz[31] Ilkhanate Nawrūz Victory
1299-1303 Mamluk-Ilkhanid War (1299-1303) Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1299 Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1299 Battle of Aleppo Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1299 Capture of Apamea Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1300 Raid of Damascus Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1300 Raid of Jerusalem Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1300 Raid of Gaza Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Victory
1301 Siege of Aleppo[32] Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1303 Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1303) Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1312 Siege of Ghazni[33] Ilkhanate Chagatai Khanate Victory
1313 Siege of al-Rahba Ilkhanate Mamluk Sultanate Defeat
1314-1318 Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war Ilkhanate Chagatai Khanate Victory

Yuan Dynasty

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1270–1273 Sambyeolcho Rebellion Yuan dynasty Sambyeolcho army Victory
1277–1278 First Mongol invasion of Burma Yuan dynasty Pagan Empire Victory
1282–1284 The Mongol invasion of Champa Yuan dynasty Champa Defeat
1285 Dai Viet-Mongol War Yuan dynasty Tran dynasty Defeat
1287–1288 Third Mongol invasion of Vietnam Yuan dynasty Tran dynasty Defeat
1287–1288 Mongol invasion of Java Yuan dynasty Majapahit Empire
Kingdom of Singhasari
Kediri Kingdom 		Defeat
1300–1301 Second Mongol invasion of Burma Yuan Dynasty Myinsaing Kingdom Defeat
1351–1368 Red Turban Rebellion Yuan dynasty Red Turban Army Defeat
  • Destruction of the Yuan dynasty

Post-imperial Mongolia

This section contains list of wars involving different post-imperial Mongolian states (Northern Yuan Dynasty, Dzungar Khanate, Four Oirat)

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1388-1690 Oirat-Khalkha wars Northern Yuan Four Oirat Victory
1388 Jorigtu-Ushkal Conflict[34] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
  • Oirats claim the Yuan Throne
1399 Oirat secession from Northern Yuan[35] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1409 Battle of Kherlen Northern Yuan Ming Dynasty Yuan Victory
1409–1424 Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols Northern Yuan Ming Dynasty Defeat
c. 1420's Adai Khan's first campaign against the Oirats[36] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Yuan Victory
  • Adai nearly unifies western Mongol territory
1422 Adai Khan's second campaign against the Oirats[37] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1423 Adai Khan's third campaign against the Oirats[38] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1425 Adai Khan's fourth campaign against the Oirats[39] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Yuan Victory
  • Several Oirat leaders killed
  • Oirat nobles captured.
1430 Adai Khan's fifth campaign against the Oirats[40] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1433 Togoon Taishi Rebellion [41] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1434 Oirat counteroffensive against Adai Khan [42] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1434 Battle of Ejin [43] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
  • Oirats capture all the territories of Adai Khan
1449 Tumu Crisis Four Oirat Ming Dynasty Victory
1449 Defense of Beijing Four Oirat Ming Dynasty Inconclusive
  • Oirats successfully traded emperor Yingzong for valuables
1451-1454 Fourth Oirat-Khalkha Wars Northern Yuan Four Oirat Inconclusive
1452 Siege of Tokmak[44] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1453 First siege of Karakorum[45] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1453 Second siege of Karakorum[46] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1453 Oirat Invasion of Usun[47] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
  • Abdication and Death of Taisun khan
1454 Assassination of Esen[48] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Yuan Victory
1457 Oirat-Uzbek War[49] Four Oirat Uzbek Khanate Oirat Victory
1457 Siege of Sighnaq[50] Four Oirat Uzbek Khanate Oirat Victory
1457 Syr Darya Campaign[51] Four Oirat Uzbek Khanate Oirat Victory
1469 Oirat campaign against Khalkhas[52] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1469 Oirat occupation of Mobei[53] Northern Yuan Four Oirat Oirat Victory
1469[54] Oirat-Moghul War[55] Four Oirat Moghulistan Oirat Victory
  • Yunus Khan defeated
1479–1510 Dayan khan's Unification of Mongolia[56] Dayan Khan coalition Various Taishis Yuan Victory
1500–1501 Raid Dayan Khan on Ningxia Northern Yuan Ming Dynasty Defeat
1501–1507 Northern Yuan-Ming Dynasty War Northern Yuan Ming Dynasty Eventual Victory
1507 Altan Khan's campaigns against Oirats[57] Tumed Mongols Four Oirat Tumed Victory
  • Expulsion of the Oirats
1529 Altan Khan's Raid on Ming China [58] Tumed Mongols Ming Dynasty Tumed Victory
  • Plunder & livestock taken
1529–1571 Dayan Khans raid on Ming Dynasty Northern Yuan Ming Dynasty Northern yuan victory
  • Ming and Northern Yuan signs peace treaty
1530 Altan Khan's Raid on Ming China [59] Tumed Mongols Ming Dynasty Tumed Victory
  • Plunder & livestock taken
1538 Uriankhai uprising Northern Yuan Tuvans Revolt suppressed
1542 Dayan Khan deathbed clash with Chinese troops Northern Yuan Ming Dynasty Victory
1542 Altan Khan's Raid on Ming China [60] Tumed Mongols Ming Dynasty Tumed Victory
1542–1547 Tumed-Chahar War[61] Tumed Mongols Chahar Mongols Tumed Victory
  • Altan becomes de facto leader of the Right Wing
1550 Siege of Beijing [62] Tumed Mongols Ming Dynasty Tumed Victory
  • More than 60% of city burned
  • Forced peace treaty between Ming and Mongols
  • Capture of many valuables such as horse, silk and gold
1552-1604 Kazakh-Oirat Wars Oirat remnants Kazakh Khanate Oirat Victory
  • Kazakhs fail to subjugate Oirats[63]
1552 Tevekkul's invasion of Oirats[64] Oirat remnants Kazakh Khanate Oirat Victory
1552 Oirat invasion of Kazakhstan[64] Oirat remnants Kazakh Khanate Oirat Victory
  • Tevekkul flees to Tashkent[64]
1552 Capture of Karakorum[65] Tumed Mongols Northern Yuan Tumed Victory
1550's - 1560's Ming–Tümed Border Conflict[66] Tumed Mongols Ming Dynasty Peace negotiations
1560's Kazakh-Moghul War[63]
  • Oirat Intervention[63]
 Oirat remnants
Moghulistan 		Kazakh Khanate Oirat and Mughal Victory[63]
1580's? Yesim khan's campaigns against Oirats[67] Oirat remnants Kazakh Khanate Oirat Victory
1582 Kara Khula's Rebellion against Khalkhas[68] Northern Yuan Oirat remnants Oirat Victory
1600–1635 Chahar-Jurchen War Chahars Later Jin Defeat
  • Fall of Northern Yuan
1604 Kazakh-Khalkha campaigns against Oirats[69] Oirat remnants Kazakh Khanate
Northern Yuan 		Initial Khalkha Victory, later Oirat Victory
  • Subjugation of the Middle and Senior Juz by Tursyn tayishi[70]
1604-1623 Oirat War of Independence[71][72] Northern Yuan Oirat remnants Oirat Victory
  • Oirat Independence
1606 Battle of the Emil River[73] Northern Yuan Oirat remnants Yuan Victory
1609 Devastations on Kazakhstan[63] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Kalmyk Victory
1609 Oirat counteroffensive against Khalkhas[74] Northern Yuan Oirat remnants Oirat Victory
1615 - 1619 Khalkha campaigns against Oirats Northern Yuan Oirat remnants Yuan Victory
  • Khalkhas imposed a heavy annual tribute.
1623 Battle of the Irtysh River[75] Northern Yuan Oirat remnants Oirat Victory
  • Oirats declared independence
1688 Russian empire invasion to Lake Baikal, Buryat lands Khalkha Mongols Russian Empire Victory
  • Khalkhas pillaged and burned Russian settlements
  • Khalkhas raided and plundered Russians and their reinforcements

Dzungar Khanate, Khoshut Khanate and Kalmyk Khanate

This section contains list of wars involving Dzungar Khanate and Kalmyk Khanate.

Dzungar Khanate

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
17th Century to the 18th Centurt Dzungar-Russian conflicts Dzungar Khanate Tsardom of Russia Victory
1635 First Kazakh-Dzungar conflict[76] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1640 Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate [77] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1643 Battle of Orbulaq[78] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1652 Battle of Shiyeli[79] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Inconclusive
1657-1658 The campaign of the Bukhara commander Abdushukur to the Talas and Shu rivers [80] Bukhara Khanate Dzungar Khanate Victory
  • Abdushuqur and 38,000 troops were killed.
1667 Siege of Krasnoyarsk[81] Dzungar Khanate Tsardom of Russia Victory
1667 Sennge-Erenchin Lobsang Conflict[82] Dzungar Khanate Northern Yuan Victory
1653 - 1661 Dzungar war of Succession[83] Sengge's forces Sengge's half brothers' forces Sengge Victory
1670 Galdan's ascension to the Throne[84] Galdan's forces Chechen Tayiji and Zotov Batur's forces Galdan Victory
1677 Ochirtu-Galdan Conflict[85]

[86]

Dzungar Khanate Khoshut Khanate Dzungar Victory
1678–1680 Dzungar conquest of Altishahr[87] Dzungar Khanate Yarkent Khanate Victory
1679 Dzungar conquest of Hami and Turpan[88] Dzungar Khanate Yarkent Khanate Victory
1679 Dzungar conquest of Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan[89] Dzungar Khanate Yarkent Khanate Victory
1680 Second Kazakh-Dzungar Wars[90] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1680 Dzungar invasion of Tengeri Mountains[91] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1680 Dzungar invasion of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan[92] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Tauke Khan's grandson, Abdulmambet taken as prisoner
1683 Galdan Boshigt's invasion of Kazakh khanate[93] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Galdan's army reaches Tashkent and Syr Darya
  • Galdan's army subjugates Black Kirghizes and ravages Ferghana v

Valley

1683–1684 Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate[94] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Dzungars seized Sayram, Tashkent, Shymkent, and Taraz
  • Kazakhs vassalized and pay tribute[95]
  • Kazakh Khanate devastated[96]
1688–1689 Galdan’s Invasion of Khalkha[97] Dzungar Khanate Northern Yuan Victory
1690-1697 Dzungar-Qing Wars Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat
1690 Battle of Ologoi[99] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1690 Battle of Ulan Butung[100] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Tactical & strategic victory
1696 Battle of Jao Modo Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat
1696 Qing Conquest of Hami[101] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat
1693–1705 Chagatai rebellion[102] Dzungar Khanate Yarkent Khanate Victory
1710 Siege of Biya River Fort[103] Dzungar Khanate| Tsardom of Russia Victory
  • Dzungars demolish the Russian fort on the Biya River[104]
1710-1719 Third Kazakh-Dzungar Wars[105] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Later the death of Khan Tauke in 1718 shattered the nascent Kazakh unity
  • Kazakh Khanate falls into a dispute over succession
1710 Dzungar occupation of Jetisu[106] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1710 Dzungar occupation of Sarysu River[107] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1711 Kazakh counteroffensive against the Dzungars[108] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1712 Kazakh invasion of the Dzungar Khanate[109] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1714 Dzungar campaign against the Kazakh Khanate [110]

[111]

Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Solidification of control over the strategic pastures of the Ili River basin and parts of Jetisu
  • Kazakh Khanate weakened
1715-1717 Dzungar invasion of Tibet[112] Dzungar Khanate Khoshut Khanate Victory
1715-1717 Capture of Hami[113] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1713–1716 Bucholz's expedition to Dzungaria Dzungar Khanate| Tsardom of Russia Victory
1717 Battle of the Ayagoz River[114][115] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1717 Battle of Yuruktau [116] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1717 Jana-Korgan Disaster[117] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1717 Battle of Lhasa Dzungar Khanate Khoshut Khanate
Qing Dynasty 		Victory
1717 Battle of the Salween River Dzungar Khanate Khoshut Khanate
Qing Dynasty 		Victory
1719–1720 Likharev's expedition to Dzungaria Dzungar Khanate| Tsardom of Russia Victory
1720 Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat
1720 Struggle of Hami[118] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1720 Struggle of Turpan[119] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1723–1732 Fifth Kazakh-Dzungar Wars Dzungar Khanate
Kalmyk Khanate
Supported by:
Russian Empire 		Kazakh Khanate Initial victory, later defeat
1731 Qing invasion of the Dzungar Khanate Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1731 Altai Campaign[120]

[121]

Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1731 Raid on Urumqi [122]

[123]

Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat
1731 Battle of Lake Khoton[124]

[125]

Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1732 Tuul, Kherlen and Orkhon Campaign[126] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1732 Battle of Erdene Zuu Monastery[127] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat
1733-1734 Failed Qing counteroffensives against Dzungars[128] Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Victory
1739-1740 Galdan Tseren's first campaign against Kazakhs[129] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1739-1740 Irtysh River Campaign[130] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1739-1740 Dzungar Invasion of Semirechiye and Southern Kazakhstan[131] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1741 Galdan Tseren's second campaign against Kazakhs[132][133] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
  • Ablai Khan and other Kazakh batyrs captured as POW
1741 Tobol River Campaign[134] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1741 Ishim River Campaign[135] Dzungar Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1755–1757 Dzungar-Qing War
  • Amursuna rebellion
 Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat
1755–1759 Ten Great Campaigns genocide of the Dzungars Dzungar Khanate Qing Dynasty Defeat

Khoshut Khanate

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1632 Battle of Kokonoor[136] Khoshut Khanate Northern Yuan Oirat Victory
1632 Invasion of Qinghai[140] Khoshut Khanate Northern Yuan Oirat Victory
  • Suppression of Khalkha presence in Amdo[141]
1639-1641 Invasion of Kham[142] Khoshut Khanate Kham Khoshut Victory
1639 Invasion of Beri[143] Khoshut Khanate Kham Khoshut Victory
1641 Siege of Beri Frontier[144] Khoshut Khanate Kham Khoshut Victory
1641-1642 Conquest of Tibet[145] Khoshut Khanate Various Tibetan states Khoshut Victory
1641 Invasion of Tsang[146] Khoshut Khanate Tsangpa Dynasty Khoshut Victory
1641 - 1642 Siege of Shigatse[147] Khoshut Khanate Tsangpa Dynasty Khoshut Victory
1642 Fall of Shigatse[148] Khoshut Khanate Tsangpa Dynasty Khoshut Victory
1642 Kongpo Revolt[149] Khoshut Khanate Tsangpa Dynasty
Karma Kagyu rebels 		Khoshut Victory
  • Kongpo pacified
1644 First Khoshut–Bhutan War[150] Khoshut Khanate Bhutan Defeat
1648 Second Khoshut–Bhutan War[151] Khoshut Khanate Bhutan Defeat
1677 Ochirtu-Galdan Conflict[152]

[153]

Khoshut Khanate Dzungar Khanate Defeat
1715-1717 Dzungar invasion of Tibet[154] Khoshut Khanate Dzungar Khanate Defeat
1717 Battle of Lhasa Khoshut Khanate
Qing Dynasty 		Dzungar Khanate Defeat
1717 Battle of the Salween River Khoshut Khanate
Qing Dynasty 		Dzungar Khanate Defeat


Kalmyk Khanate

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Early 17th century Kalmyk migration to Volga[155] Kalmyk Khanate Tsardom of Russia
Khanate of Khiva
Kazakh Khanate
Nogai Horde 		Victory
1603 Kalmyk raid on Khiva[156] Kalmyk Khanate Khanate of Khiva Victory
1608 Kazakh raid against Kalmyks[157] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1609 Devastations on Kazakhstan[63] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Kalmyk Victory
1619 Derbend campaign[158] Kalmyk Khanate Nogai Horde Victory
1620 Kalmyk-Bashkir conflict[159] Kalmyk Khanate Bashkirs Victory
1630's Kalmyk-Yaik conflict[160] Kalmyk Khanate Tsardom of Russia Victory
1633-1634 Yaik offense on Kalmyks[161] Kalmyk Khanate Tsardom of Russia Defeat
1633–1635 Kalmyk Conquest of the Nogai Horde Kalmyk Khanate Nogai Horde Victory
1635 Kalmyk campaign against Astrakhan Tatars[162] Kalmyk Khanate Nogai Horde Victory
1635-1636 Kalmyk counteroffense against Yaik cossacks[163] Kalmyk Khanate Tsardom of Russia Victory
1645 Kalmyk attack on Kabardia [164] Kalmyk Khanate Crimean Khanate
Kabardia 		Defeat
1650 Kalmyk raid to Astarabad[165] Kalmyk Khanate Safavid Iran Victory
1658 Kalmyk campaign against Nogais and Crimeans[166] Kalmyk Khanate Crimean Khanate
Nogai Horde 		Victory
1661 Kalmyk-Crimean War[167] Kalmyk Khanate Crimean Khanate Defeat
1666 Campaign on Right bank of Ukraine[168] Kalmyk Khanate
Cossack Hetmanate 		Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
(1704–1709) 		Defeat
1668 Kalmyk-Cossack raid against Crimean Tatars & Ottoman Empire[169] Kalmyk Khanate
Cossack Hetmanate 		Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate 		Victory
1672 - 1681 Russo-Turkish War (1672–1681) Kalmyk Khanate
Russian Tsardom
Left-bank Ukraine
Zaporozhian Sich 		Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Ottoman Ukraine 		Disputed
1676 - 1677 Kalmyk-Kabardian attack on Ottomans and Crimeans[170] Kalmyk Khanate
Kabardia 		Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate 		Victory
  • Forced the Crimean Khan to divert his attention, relieving pressure on the main Russian defenses.
1678 Siege of Chyhyryn[171] Kalmyk Khanate
Kabardia 		Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate 		Victory
1680 Raid on Penza[172] Kalmyk Khanate Russian Tsardom Victory
1684 Kalmyk campaign against the Kazakh Khanate[173][174] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Turkmen people 		Victory
1695 - 1696 Azov campaigns (1695–1696) Kalmyk Khanate
Russian Tsardom
Don Cossacks
Zaporozhian Cossacks 		Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate 		Victory
1698 Kalmyk raids against the Crimean Tatars[175] Kalmyk Khanate Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate 		Victory
1700 Great Northern War Kalmyk Khanate
Russian Tsardom
Cossack Hetmanate 		Swedish Empire
Cossack Hetmanate 		Victory
1704-1711 Bashkir rebellion of 1704–1711 Kalmyk Khanate
Russian Tsardom 		Bashkir rebels Stalemate
1711 Kuban Campaign (1711) Kalmyk Khanate
Russian Tsardom
Kabardia 		Crimean Khanate
Nogai Horde 		Victory
1715 Crimean campaign against Kalmyks[176] Kalmyk Khanate Crimean Khanate Defeat
  • 60,000 Kalmyks killed
1723–1726 Kazakh–Kalmyk War (1723–1726) Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak warriors 		Inconclusive
1723 First Kazakh offensive against Kalmyks[177] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak warriors 		Initial Defeat, Later halted
1724 Second Kazakh offensive against Kalmyks[178] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak warriors 		Inconclusive
1724 Karakalpak raids against Kalmyks[179] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak warriors 		Defeat
1724 Volga-Saratov offensive [180] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak 		Defeat
1724 Kalmyk counteroffense against Kazakhs[181] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak 		Victory
1725 Ulus devastations[182] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Victory
1725 - 1726 Third Kazakh offensive against Kalmyks[183] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak warriors 		Victory
  • Peace agreement and truce made by the Kazakhs and Kalmyks[184]
1726 Kalmyk campaigns on Caspian Sea[185] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate
Karakalpak warriors 		Victory
1735 - 1737 Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Kalmyk Khanate
Russian Empire
Kabardia 		Ottoman Empire
Crimean Khanate
Nogai Horde 		Victory
1737–1738 Kazakh campaign against the Kalmyks and Yaik Cossacks[187] Russian Empire
Kalmyk Khanate 		Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1741 - 1743 Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Kalmyk Khanate[188]
Russian Empire 		Swedish Empire Victory
1743–1747 Abul Khair–Neplyuyev conflict Russian Empire
Kalmyk Khanate 		Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1755 Zhaugash Batyr's counteroffensive[189] Kalmyk Khanate Kazakh Khanate Defeat
1756 First Kazakh-Qing War Kalmyk Khanate[190]
Qing dynasty 		Kazakh Khanate Initial victory, later defeat
1771 Kalmyk Exodus to Dzungaria Kalmyk Khanate Russian Empire
Supported by:
Kazakh Khanate 		Inconclusive
  • Liquidation of the Kalmyk Khanate
  • This campaign turned into a national tragedy for the Kalmyks. On the way, the small Kalmyk ethnic group lost more than 100,000 people in just a year, in battle, from wounds, cold, hunger, disease, and captured
  • Heavy casualties on both sides.

Beginning of the 20th century

This section contains list of wars and major battles involving different Mongolian states that existed in the first four decades of the 20th century (Mongolia (1911–1924), Buryat-Mongolia, Uryankhay Republic).

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1911–1912 Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Qing dynasty China Victory
  • Establishment of an independent Mongolia
1912 Liberation of Khovd Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Qing dynasty China Victory
1913 Operation Бух чичүүр Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Republic of China| Victory
1913 Operation Crazy Tiger Invasion Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Republic of China| Victory
1912–1915 Bogd Khanate's attempt to liberate Inner Mongolia Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Republic of China| Initial Victory
1913 Three Way Battle Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Republic of China| Victory
1912-1915 он Five Way Battle Bogd Khanate of Mongolia Republic of China| Defeat
1917–1923 Russian Civil War — Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War Buryat-Mongolia
Green Ukraine 		White Movement
Red Army 		Defeat
1919–1921 Occupation of Mongolia Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
Buryat-Mongolia
White Movement 		Republic of China Initial defeat, Later victory
  • Mongolian military defeat
  • Liberation of Mongolia by the White Army's Asiatic Cavalry Division
1921 Liberation of Urga Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
  • Baron Ungern
 Republic of China| Victory
1921 Battle of the Redcliff Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
  • Baron Ungern
 Republic of China| Victory
1921 Siege of Tolbo Lake Bogd Khanate of Mongolia White Movement Victory
1921 Battle for Khyagta RPGOM
 Republic of China Victory
1921 Battle for Moltsog Sands RPGOM
 Republic of China Victory
1921 Battle of Darganga RPGOM
 Republic of China Victory
1921 Battle of San Baisi Fortress RPGOM
 Republic of China Victory
1921 Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
White Movement 		RPGOM
Red Army 		Defeat of the Bogd Khaanate


Mongol United Autonomous Government and the Mengjiang

This section contains list of wars involving Mongol United Autonomous Government and the Mengjiang state.

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1935–1937 Suiyuan Campaign Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Defeat
August-October 1937 Operation Chahar Mongol Military Government
Japan
Manchukuo 		China Victory
August 1937 Battle of Northern Chahar (Fall of Shenweitaiko) Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Victory
August 1937 Battle of Great Wall Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Victory
August 1937 Battle of Hanno Dam Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Victory
August 1937 Fall of Kalgan (Zhangjiakou) Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Victory
October 1937 Capture of Hohhot[191] Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Victory
October 1937 Capture of Baotou[192] Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Victory
September 1 – November 9 1937 Battle of Taiyuan Mongol Military Government
Japan 		China Victory
November 1939 – April 1940 1939–1940 Winter Offensive Mengjiang
Japan 		China Victory
December 1939 Battle of Baotou Mengjiang
Japan 		China Victory
  • The Chinese army was unsuccessful in capturing the city of Baotou and eventually retreated voluntarily
January 1940 – February 1940 Battle of West Suiyuan Mengjiang
Japan 		China Defeat
9 August–2 September 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria Mengjiang
Japan 		Soviet Union
Mongolia 		Defeat
  • Collapse of Mengjiang or Menggukuo capitulated

|}

Mongolian People's Republic

This section contains list of wars involving Mongolian People's Republic.

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1927–1952 Mongol-Kazakh Border Clashes Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
  • Mongolia consolidated border
1927–1930 Khantaishir raid Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
August 1928 Büs Khairkhan raid Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
1930 Azh Bogd mountain raid / Tsogt sum raid Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
1932 Khuvsgul Uprising Mongolian People's Republic Buddhist lamas
Tibet (alleged)
Empire of Japan (alleged) 		Victory
August 1932 Tseel sum / Elst Myangan / Tsogt sum raid Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
1935 Battle of Khalkhyn Temple Mongolian People's Republic Empire of Japan Victory
1939 Battles of Khalkhin Gol Union: Mongolian People's Republic Empire of Japan / Manchukuo Victory
1945 Soviet–Japanese War Union: Soviet Union / Mongolian People's Republic Empire of Japan / Mengjiang Victory
Aug 1945 - September 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria Union: Soviet Union / Mongolian People's Republic Empire of Japan / Mengjiang
Manchukuo 		Victory
Aug 1945 Transbaikal Front offensive Union: Soviet Union / Mongolian People's Republic Empire of Japan
Manchukuo 		Victory
Aug 1945 -Sep 1945 Khingan–Mukden Operation Union: Soviet Union / Mongolian People's Republic Empire of Japan
Manchukuo 		Victory
1946–1949 Mongolian west Border Clashes Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
1946–1948 Battle of Baitag Bogd Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
January 1948 Battle of Baga Khata Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
May 1948 Battle of Mergen Mountain Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
  • Kazakh bandit attack on Chinese orders repelled
Jun 1948 Bulgan sum raid Mongolian People's Republic China
* National Revolution Army
* East Turkestan Republic's Kazakh bandits 		Victory
  • Bandit activity gradually ceased; border firmly secured.

Sources

  • Halperin, Charles J. (1987). Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History. Indiana University. p. 222. ISBN 9781850430575. (e-book).
  • Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-36800-4.
  • Ostrowski, Donald (1993). Why did the Metropolitan Move from Kiev to Vladimir in the Thirteenth Century. Christianity and the Eastern Slavs. Vol. I: Slavic Cultures in the Middle Ages. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 83–101. ISBN 9780520360198.
  • Vásáry, István (2012). "The Crimean Khanate and the Great Horde (1440s–1500s): A Fight for Primacy" (PDF). In Meinolf Arens; Denise Klein (eds.). Das frühneuzeitliche Krimkhanat (16.-18. Jahrhundert) zwischen Orient und Okzident. Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden. pp. 13–26.
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20160721035626/http://www.legendtour.ru/rus/mongolia/history/history.shtml
  • http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HPH/index.html

Notes

  1. ^ The title 'Grand Prince of Vladimir' was mostly titular by the early 14th century.
  2. ^ a b The warring parties' relations with various allies, in particular the Tatars, who alternately supported one side or the other, played an important role during the war.[12]
  3. ^ a b Depends on whether or not Ulugh Muhammad was considered Golden/Great Horde khan at this time, when it was effectively locked in a war of succession. Ulugh had been claiming to be khan of the Golden Horde since 1419 (deaths of Edigu and Qadir Berdi). He had several competitors, including Hajji Muhammad (successor of Edigu in Sibir), Dawlat Berdi (1420s in Crimea), Barak Khan (1423–1429), Sayid Ahmad I (from 1427) and Küchük Muhammad (early 1430s). Ulugh lost control of the Golden Horde in 1436, first retreating to Crimea, then moving to Belyov in 1437, before settling in Kazan in 1438 and founding the Khanate of Kazan there.
  4. ^ While the Genoese were able to withstand all Crimean attacks, Genoese Gazaria weakened after the fall of Constantinople, while Crimean–Ottoman relations strengthened. The Great Horde weakened the Crimean Khanate, thereby managing to assist the Genoese at crucial moments, while its own strength gradually waned.

References

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  3. ^ Mikolaj Gladysz (2012). The Forgotten Crusaders: Poland and the Crusader Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. BRILL. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-90-04-18551-7.
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  5. ^ Ostrowski 1993, p. 89.
  6. ^ Martin 2007, pp. 168–169, 190.
  7. ^ a b Martin 2007, pp. 194, 202.
  8. ^ a b Martin 2007, p. 194.
  9. ^ Halperin 1987, p. 71.
  10. ^ Martin 2007, pp. 195, 202–203.
  11. ^ Martin 2007, pp. 195, 202.
  12. ^ Шабульдо Ф. М. Кондоминальный статус украинских земель в XIV в.: от первых территориальных приобретений Польши и Литвы во владениях Золотой Орды до ярлыка Мамая // Balcanica Poznaniensia. Acta et studia. Ludy koczownicze Eurazji. XIV. UAM / Pod redakcj Ilony Czamanskiej i Witolda Szulca. Poznan, 2007. S. 157—182.
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  37. ^ Johan Elverskog-Our great Qing: the Mongols, Buddhism and the state in late imperial China
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  52. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5 p. 153.
  53. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5 p. 153.
  54. ^ Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill p.48.
  55. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5 p. 153.
  56. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5 p. 153.
  57. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia 5 p. 143.
  58. ^ Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, p. 141. Grove Press, N.Y. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1.
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  63. ^ a b c d e f РЕМИЛЕВА, Е. "ОЙРАТ-МОНГОЛЫ" ОБЗОР ИСТОРИИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ КАЛМЫКОВ" ["OIRAT-MONGOLS" A REVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF THE EUROPEAN KALMYKS"]. Е. РЕМИЛЕВА.
  64. ^ a b c Chijun Garii, Opisanie. [opisanie_chjun_garii_i_vostochnogo_turkestana_v_drevnem_i_nyneshnem.pdf "vostochnogo_turkestana_v_drevnem_i_nyneshnem.pdf"] (PDF). {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  65. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th Edition (1977), Vol. 9, p. 601.
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