List of wars involving Iran

This is a list of wars involving the Islamic Republic of Iran and its predecessor states. It is an unfinished historical overview.

Elamite Civilisation

Conflict	Ancient Iranian State (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Elamite invasion of Sumer^[1] (Circa 2600 BC)	Awan Elam	Sumer Ur	Victory	Deposition of Balulu, end of First Dynasty of Ur and establishment of the Elamyte dynasty.
Sumerian invasion of Elam (Circa 2400 BC)	Awan Elam Kish Akshak Umma	Sumer Lagash	Defeat	Eannatum manage to conquer parts of Elam (destroying Susa) and develop one of the first recorded empires.
Elamite-Sumer skirmishes.^[2]^[3] (Circa 2400 BC)	Awan Elam Marhasi	Sumer Lagash Kish	Stalemate	Elamite's success to expel Sumer's incursions from Iranian Plateau and sack some Sumer city states in Mesopotamia, but governors like Enentarzi expel them from its domains.
Akkadian conquest of Elam^[4] Sargon campaign Rimush campaign Manishtushu campaign (Circa 2300-2200 BC)	Elam Marhasi Gutian people Pashime	Akkadian Empire	Defeat	South-Western Iran is conquered by Sargon of Akkad, his son Rimush defeat the revolts led by Abalgamash, and Manishtushu expands forward Anshan and seizure control of Persian Gulf.
Narum-Sin campaign on Elam (Circa 2200 BC)	Elam Marhasi co-belligerent: Sumer rebels Gutian people	Akkadian Empire	Ceasefire	Accadian control of Khuzestan is reinforced, installing imperial governors to counter the power from native kings like Khita.^[5]
First Shar-Kali-Sharri campaign on Elam (Circa 2100 BC)	Elam	Akkadian Empire	Defeat	Status quo ante bellum
Kutik-Inshushinak campaign against Gutians^[6] (Circa 2100 BC)	Akkadian Empire Elam	Gutian people	Victory	Elamyte-Accadians expand territories on the Zagros Mountains.
Elamyte independence war against Akkadians^[7]^[8] (Circa 2090 BC)	Elam co-belligerent: Uruk	Akkadian Empire Eshnunna Akkad Akshak Gutian people	Victory	Acadian empire, after the death of Shar-Kali-Sharri, lost control of Elam. Elamyte king, Puzur-Inshushinak, conquered Anshan, manage to unite most of Elam into one kingdom, and also expands into parts of central Mesopotamia. End of Gutian rule in Mesopotamia
Sumerian invasion of Elam^[8]^[9] (Circa 2090 BC)	Elam Lagash	Neo-Sumerian Empire Ur co-belligerent Shimashki dynasty	Defeat	The King of Sumer and Akkad, Ur-Nammu and his son Shulgi, conquers parts of Elam surrounding Susa. The rest of Elam is conquered by the Shimashki dynasty, after the death of Puzur-Inshushinak.
Sumerian border skirmishes on the north-east^[10]^[11] (Circa 2000 BC)	Simurrum Lullubi co-belligerent Elam	Neo-Sumerian Empire Ur	Inconclusive	Tribal invasions from Western Iran to Sumer are stopped.
Elamyte conquest of Sumer^[12]^[13] (Circa 2004/1940 BC)	Shimashki Elam	Neo-Sumerian Empire Ur	Victory	Elamyte king, Kindattu, capture Sumerian king, Ibbi-Sin. End of the third dynasty of Ur and Elamyte military occupation and rule for 21 years.
Amorite conquest of Sumer^[14] (Circa 1900 BC)	Shimashki Elam Sumer Akkad	Amorites	Defeat	Ishbi-Erra expel the Elamytes from Ur, then gain the title of King of Sumer and expand over Sumer and Akkad.
Revolts against Assyrian domain^[15]^[16] (722–702 BC) part of Assyrian conquest of Aram and Urartu–Assyria War	Babylonia Aram (Ancient Syrian cities) Hamath Arpad Damascus Qarqar Philistia Ancient Levant cities Sumur Samaria Gath Ashdod Rafah Ekron Gibbethon Rebel Syro-Hittite states Tabal Quwê Carchemish Rebel Mannaea Medes Rebel Ellipi Supported by: Elam Northern Israel (until 720 BC) Ancient Egypt Urartu Phrygia	Neo-Assyrian Empire Samerina Vassalized Mannaea Vassalized Syro-Hittite states Cimmerians Kingdom of Judah	Stalemate	The Syrian rebel, Yahu-Bihdi, is flayed alive by Assyrians. Northern Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) is fully conquered by Assyrians, starting the Assyrian captivity and the Ten Lost Tribes. The Philistine rebel, Hanunu, is deposed and enslaved in Assur. Mitatti's uprising in Mannaea (an Iranian state) against King Iranzu (Assyrian vassal) was suppressed Iranzu's son, Aza, rise to the throne of Mannea, against his pro-Urartu brother, Ullusunu (then he's forced to be pro-Assyrians). Rusa I of Urartu is defeated and deposed by the Assyrians (but his kingdom maintained independent). Kurtî of Atunna is crowned by the Assyrians as a Buffer state against Urartu. Pisiri of Carchemish is deposed and its kingdom annexed. Assyrians conquers and established provinces on the Iranian Media. Assyrian re-stablish control on Ellipi to counter Elamyte sphere of influence. The Chaldean rebel, Marduk-apla-iddina II, is exiled to Iranian Elam after being defeated and deposed by Sargon II, who reestablish Assyrian control.
Assyrian conquest of Elam (655–639 BC) Battle of Susa part of Campaigns of Esarhaddon	Elam	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Defeat	Assyrian conquers the Elamyte Domains.

Median kingdom

Conflict	Ancient Iranian State (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Assyrian invasions of Media (10th – late 7th centuries BC)	Medes	Assyrian Empire	Defeat	Kingdoms and city-states of western Iran became Assyrian vassals
Median invasion of Assyria (the late 7th century BC)	Medes Scythians Other Iranian peoples	Assyrian Empire	Victory	Invasion of the Assyrian Empire by a coalition of Iranian peoples, led by Kashtariti of Media End of Assyrian rule in Media Formation of an independent Median kingdom Median invasion of Assyria repelled
Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire (626–609 BC) Fall of Assur (614 BC) Battle of Nineveh (612 BC)	Median Kingdom Babylonia Persians	Assyrian Empire	Victory	Alliance between various people of the region against the Assyrian Empire, led by the Median Kingdom and Babylonia End of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Founding of Neo-Babylonian Empire
Scythian invasion of Media (653–652 BC)	Median Kingdom	Scythians	Defeat	War between two groups of Iranian peoples Conquest of Media by Scythians End of Scythian rule in Media in 597 BC, during reign of Cyaxares
Siege of Harran (609 BC)	Medes Babylonia	Assyria Egypt	Victory	The Assyrian insurgency
Battle of Eclipse (585 BC)	Medes	Kingdom of Lydia	Undecided	The battle ended due to an eclipse.
Medo-Persian conflict (553–550 BCE) Fall of Ecbatana	Medes Empire	Persians	Defeat (Regime change)	Rise of Cyrus the Great.

Achaemenid Empire

Conflict	Persia (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)
Battle of Hyrba (552 BC)	Persians	Medes Empire	Victory
Persian Revolt (552–549 BC)	Persians	Median Empire	Victory	By conquering Media, Iran became an empire.
Battle of the Persian border (551 BC)	Persians	Medes Empire	Victory	Persian retreat to Pasargadae
Conquest of Lydia (547 BC) Battle of Pteria Battle of Thymbra Siege of Sardis (547 BC)	Persian Empire	Lydian Empire	Victory	Lydia annexed by Iran
Cyrus' first eastern campaign (545–540 BC)	Persian Empire	Gedrosia	Victory	Persian conquest of Bactria, Arachosia, Sogdia, Saka, Chorasmia, Margiana and other provinces in the east after initial defeat
Conquest of Babylonia (540–539 BC) Battle of Opis Fall of Babylon	Persian Empire	Neo-Babylonian Empire	Victory	Neo-Babylonian Empire annexed by Iran. End of Babylonian captivity, Ancient Hebrews gets to Return to Zion through Edict of Cyrus on 538 BC. Yehud Medinata is established under the rule of the High Priest of Israel.
Cyrus' second eastern Campaign (533 BC)	Persian Empire	Gedrosia	Victory	Cyrus the Great crossed the Hindu Kush mountains and collected tribute from the Indus vassalage cities.
Cyrus' final Campaign to the North^[17] (529 BC)	Persian Empire	Scythians Massagetae Dahae Indians	Defeat	The Empress Tomyris kills Cyrus the Great in vengeance for the death of his son, Spargapises. The river Oxus, or Amu Darya, becomes the limit between Persians and Scythians.
Conquest of Egypt (525 BC)	Persian Empire	Kingdom of Egypt	Victory	Egypt annexed by Iran
Persian incursions into Nubia^[18] (526 BC)	Persian Empire	Kingdom of Kush	Defeat	Cambyses II fails to expand Achaemenid domains into the south to reach the limits of former Egyptian Empire.^[19] Nubians maintains its independence and Persians establish frontier on Elephantine.
Conquest of India (Indus Valley) (518 – 323 BCE)	Persian Empire	Mahajanapadas Gandhara kingdom Sindhu Sauvira kingdom	Victory	Achaemenid military occupation of northwestern regions of India for about two centuries
European Scythian campaign (513 BC)	Persian Empire	Scythians in European Scythia	Victory	Achaemenid domination of the European Black Sea regions
Greek Revolt (499 BC–493 BC)	Persian Empire	Greeks	Victory	Persia re-establishes control over Greek regions in Asia Minor and Cyprus
Greco-Persian War (First) (492–490 BC)	Persian Empire	Greeks	Undecided	Persia conquers Macedonia and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace, but fails in an attempt to subjugate Athens and Sparta
Egyptian Revolt^[20]^[21] (486 BC)	Persian Empire	Egyptian rebels	Victory	Revolt suppressed.
Babylonian revolts (484 BC)	Persian Empire	Babylon Sippar Borsippa Kish Dilbat Other Babylonian cities	Victory	Persian punish the rebelled Babylonian cities, reducing the size of their Satrapies and fomenting minority religions.
Greco-Persian War (Second) (480–479 BC)	Persian Empire	Greeks	Defeat	Macedonia, Thrace and Ionia regain independence from Persia Achaemenid destruction of Athens
Wars of the Delian League (477–449 BC)	Persian Empire	Delian League Egyptian rebels led by Inaros II (until 454 BC)	Defeat in Greece Victory in Egypt	Peace of Callias Persia loses control over Thrace, the Aegean Sea and the western coast of Asia Minor. Complete expulsion of the Achaemenid Empire from Europe Greek expeditionary force defeated and repelled from Egypt. Rise of Athenian Empire.
Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC)	Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) Supported by: Achaemenid Empire	Delian League (led by Athens)	Victory	Dissolution of the Delian League; Spartan hegemony over Athens and its allies
Battle of Cunaxa (401 BC)	Persian Empire	Cyrus the Younger	Victory	Artaxerxes II still in full control of the kingdom
Corinthian War (395–387 BC)	Athens Argos Corinth Thebes Persian Empire Other allies	Sparta Peloponnesian League	Victory (Peace of Antalcidas dictated by Iran)	Ionia ceded back to Achaemenid Iran; Boeotian league dissolved; Union of Argos and Corinth dissolved.
Evagoras I's Revolt (391–376 BC) Battle of Citium	Persian Empire	Salamis (Cyprus) Supported by: Athens (until 387) Egypt Salamis	Victory	Evagoras I recognized the lordship of Persia over Cyprus.
Artaxerxes' II Cadusian Campaign (385 BC)	Persian Empire	Cadusii	Victory	Negotiated peace with rival chiefs
Revolt of the Satraps (372–362 BC)	Persian Empire	Rebel satrapies	Victory	Rebellions crushed
Phoenician and Cypriot revolt during the reign of Artaxerxes III (351-340 BC) Abdashtart I's Revolt (c. 346 BC)	Persian Empire Caria	Kingdom of Sidon Phoenicians Hellespontine Phrygia Salamis (Cyprus) Supported by: Ancient Greece Egypt Ancient Jews	Victory	Revolt suppressed. Artabazos II is exiled and then pardoned but relocated to Bactria. Tennes of Sidon is executed and replaced with Evagoras II. Pnytagoras overthrown Evagoras II in Cyprus and is pardoned. Idrieus of Caria adds Cyprus to his domains. Rise of Mentor of Rhodes in Eastern Mediterranean.
Second conquest of Egypt (c. 351-340 BC)	Persian Empire Supported by: Ancient Thebes Ancient Argos	Egypt Supported by: Kingdom of Sidon Libu tribe	Victory	Egypt is conquered for a second time by Iran Nectanebo II fled to Nubia.
Khabash Revolt (338 – c.335 BC)	Persian Empire Satrapy of Egypt Kingdom of Kush	Egyptian and Nubian rebels	Victory	Revolt suppressed by Persians. Nastasen of Kush expels the Egyptian invaders.
Macedonian invasion of Iran (355–328 BC)	Persian Empire	Macedonia	Defeat (Regime change)	Iran conquered by the army of Alexander the Great

Hellenistic Era

Conflict	Persianizated State (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Macedonian Empire (330–312 BC)
Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (327–325 BC)	Macedonia Hellenic League Persian Satraps	Ancient India Pauravas Aśvaka Mallians Guraeans	Victory	Hellenic conquest of great part of the Indus Valley. Iranic confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha.
Wars of the Diadochi (322–281 BC)	First War: Antipatrid dynasty Antigonid dynasty Ptolemaic dynasty Second War: Antigonid dynasty Antipatrid dynasty Ptolemaic dynasty Thrace Third War: Antigonid dynasty Polyperchon	First War: Perdiccas's faction Second War: Polyperchon's faction Epirus Third War: Ptolemaic Egypt Antipatrid Macedonia Thrace Caria	Defeat	Death of Perdiccas. Seleucus established himself in Babylon in 312 BC, then conquest Persia.
Seleucid Empire (312-129 BC)
Babylonian War (311–309 BCE)	Seleucid Empire	Antigonid dynasty	Victory	Seleucid control of Babylonia, Media, and Elam
Seleucid–Mauryan war (305–303 BCE)	Seleucid Empire	Maurya Empire	Defeat	Treaty of the Indus Seleucid Empire's eastern Persian satrapies ceded to Mauryan Empire. Seleucus gives the hand of his daughter to Chandragupta, founding a dynastic alliance.
First Parni invasion of Margiana (280 BC)	Seleucid Empire	Parni	Victory	The military capabilities of the Parni are weakened.
Second Parni invasion of Margiana (248–246 BC)	Seleucid Empire	Parni	Victory	Parni are briefly neutralized.
Seleucus' Iranian Campaign (245–235 BC)	Seleucid Empire	Upper Satrapies Parthia-Hyrcania Bactria	Defeat	Arsacids' rise to power, stablishing Andragoras and Arsaces I the Parthian Kingdom and starting Seleucid–Parthian Wars. Greco-Bactrian Kingdom of Diodotus I is consolidated.
Syrian Wars (217–145 BC) Battle of Raphia Battle of Panium Battle of the Oenoparus	Antigonid Macedonia Seleucid Empire Carmanians Medes Cadusii Persians Cardaces Upper Satrapies Dahae Arabs	Ptolemaic Egypt Libyans Gauls	Stalemate	Coele-Syria intermittently changes of sovereign.
Antiochus's Bactrian Campaign (208–206 BCE) Battle of the Arius Siege of Bactra	Seleucid Empire	Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	Victory	Pirric Victory Euthydemus I is recognised as King of Greco-Bactrians (but as a Seleucid vassal), initiating Euthydemid dynasty.
Roman–Seleucid War (192–188 BC)^[22]	Seleucid Empire Supported by: Aetolian League Galatians Athamania^[23] Cappadocia^[24] Elis^[23] Co-belligerent: Messene	Roman Republic Supported by: Achaean League Pergamon Rhodes Macedon Thessalian League^[25] Beotian League^[25] Acarnanian League Issa Kos Erythrai Athens^[25] Carthage^[26] Numidia^[25]	Defeat	Peace of Apamea
Campaigns of Artaxias I (189–165 BCE)	Seleucid Empire Atropatene Kingdom of Cataonia Kingdom of Pontus Lesser Armenia Kingdom of Iberia	Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene	Defeat	The regions of Caspiana, Faunitida, Basolropeda, Tmorik, Karenitis, Derksen, Akilisene and Antitaurus are annexed to Armenia.
Maccabean Revolt (167–141 BCE)	Seleucid Empire	Maccabees	Defeat	Hasmonean Judea is formed.

Parthian Empire

Conflict	Persia (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD)
Parni Conquest Parthia (238 BC)	Parthian Empire	Seleucid Empire	Victory	• Rise of the Parthian Empire • The beginning of the Seleucid–Parthian Wars
Seleucid–Parthian Wars (238 BC–129 BC)	Parthian Empire Parni	Seleucid Empire Persis Elymais Characene Scythians Arabs	Victory	• Expulsion of the Seleucids from Iran, ending Hellenistic period there.
Parthian–Bactrian War (150 BC)	Parthian Empire	Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	Victory	Western Bactria annexed to the Parthian Empire. Greek debilitation and arise of Kushan Empire in the zone
Second Parthian-Kushan War (between c. 130 CE to c. 140 CE)	Parthian Empire	Kushan Empire	Defeat	Kanishka I repels the invasion
Battle of Ecbatana (129 BC)	Parthian Empire	Seleucid Empire	Victory	End of Hellenistic rule in Iran
Nomad invasion of Drangiana^[27]^[28] (128-115 BC)	Parthian Empire	Indo-Scythians Saka Yuezhi	Victory	Parthian reconquers western Bactria and expand into Amu Darya and Arachosia The House of Suren gets the Indo-Parthian territories.
Parthian invasion of Armenia (120–100 BCE?)	Parthian Empire Atropatene	Kingdom of Armenia	Victory	Parthians add territories
Parthian expedition to Arabia^[29] (119 BC)	Parthian Empire	Ancient Arabs	Victory	End of Arab raids on Babylonia.
Mithridates II's war with the Seleucids. (112-109 BC)	Parthian Empire Characene	Seleucid Empire Elymais	Victory	Parthian conquers Mesopotamia and reduce Seleucids into Syria
Chinese–Parthian War^[30] (104–102 BC)	Parthian Empire	Han China	Stalemate	Emperor Wu of Han forced Mithridates II of Parthia to start commercial relations and the sell of Persian horse, but Parthians maintain its Sphere of influence on Fergana Valley.
Armenian–Parthian War (87–85 BC) Part of Military campaigns of Tigranes the Great	Parthian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Osroene and Atrpatakan loyalty to Tigranes the Great
Battle of Carrahe (53 BC)	Parthian Empire	Roman Republic	Victory	• Repelling the danger of the Romans • Crassus killed • Roman desire to retaliate for Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) Battle of Philippi	Liberatores Supported by: Parthian Empire^[31]	Second Triumvirate Supported by: Ptolemaic Egypt	Defeat	The Second Triumvirate wins the Roman Civil War, then reinstates control over the eastern provinces.
Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC (40–38 BC) Battle of the Cilician Gates Battle of Amanus Pass Battle of Mount Gindarus	Parthian Empire	Roman Republic	Defeat	Status quo ante bellum Parthian conquests in Asia Minor and Levant are repelled
Antony's Parthian War (36–20 BC)	Parthian Empire Atropatene Hasmonean Kingdom	Roman Republic Kingdom of Armenia Galatia Cappadocia Pontus Herodian Kingdom of Judea	Victory	• Antony's was unsuccessful in campaign against Iran • Ended by formal peace in 20 BC
Gondophares conquest on the East (20–10 BC)	Indo-Parthian Kingdom	Indo-Scythians Indo-Greek Kingdom	Victory	Gondophares conquers Arachosia, Seistan, Sindh, Punjab, and the Kabul valley.
Pharasmanes I of Iberia invasion of Armenia (35 AD)	Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Kingdom of Iberia	Defeat	Orodes of Armenia is deposed
Kushan invasion of Indo-Parthia (50s AD)	Indo-Parthian Kingdom	Kushan Empire	Defeat	Kushans conquer Indo-Parthian territories in northern India.
Iberian–Armenian War (50–51 AD/51–53 AD)	Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire (until 51) Kingdom of Armenia Parthian Empire	Kingdom of Iberia Kingdom of Iberia Roman Empire	Victory	The Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 start
Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 (58–63 AD)	Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Roman Empire Roman clients • Sophene • Lesser Armenia • Iberia • Commagene • Pontus	Stalemate	Treaty of Rhandeia Minor territorial gains for Roman clients Parthians establish the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
Roman–Parthian Wars (66 AD–216)	Parthian Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Roman Empire Pontus	Status quo ante bellum	Borders changed several times.
Trajan's Parthian campaign (115–117)	Parthian Empire co-belligerent: Jewish/Judean zealots Babylonian rebels Armenian rebels	Roman Empire Client Parthian state	Stalemate	Rome gains Parthian territories on the East, but evacuates the Mesopotamia province and Roman Armenia due to revolts. Osroes I defeat Roman client Parthamaspates
Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (161–166)	Parthian Empire Pro-Parthian Edessans	Roman Empire Pro-Roman Edessans	Defeat	Minor Roman territorial gains and Armenia consolidated as a Roman client
Battle of Ctesiphon (198)	Parthian Empire	Roman Empire	Defeat	Roman sacks Persian capital
Parthian War of Caracalla (216–217)	Parthian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Rome is forced to pay tribute to Parthia

Sasanian Empire

Conflict	Persia (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Sassanid Empire (224–651)
Battle of Hormozdgan (224)	Sassanids	Parthian Empire	Victory (Regime change)	• Fall of the Parthian Empire • Rise of the Sasanian Empire
Sasanian conquest of Sakastan (225–226)^[32]	Sassanids	Indo-Parthian Kingdom	Victory	Consolidation of the Sasanian Empire on eastern Persia
Ardashir I invasion of Armenia (226–238) Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Sassanid withdrawal
First Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I (229–233) Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Kingdom of Hatra	Inconclusive	Both sides get territorial gains.
Second Mesopotamian campaign of Ardashir I (237–240) Siege of Nisibis (237) Fall of Hatra	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Kingdom of Hatra	Victory	The Sasanian Empire conquers several cities including Nisibis (237),Carrhae (238) and Hatra (240).
Shapur I campaign on the East (241–242) part of Sasanian–Kushan Wars	Sasanian Empire Indo-Sasanians	Western Kushan Empire Saka Gilaks	Victory	Persia annex territories as far as "Purushapura" (Peshawar) and the Hindu-Kush or even south of it. Those includying Sogdiana, Bactria, and Gandhara. Kushans are deposed and replaced by the Kushanshah
Sasanian campaign of Gordian III (242–244) Battle of Resaena Battle of Misiche	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Germanic and Goth allies	Victory	The Sasanian Empire conquers Armenia and Mesopotamia
Mariades' Revolt (252/259)	Antioch rebels Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Persian intervention in the Crisis of the Third Century.
Siege of Nisibis (252)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Persian capture of Nisibis
Battle Of Barbalissos (253)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Shapur's army won against Valerian's army
Siege of Antioch (253)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Persian capture of Antioch
Siege of Dura-Europos (256)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Persian capture of Dura-Europos
Battle of Edessa (260) part of Crisis of the Third Century	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Roman Syria Germanic and Goth allies	Victory	Roman Emperor Valerian was captured. Fulvius Macrianus his sons (Quietus and Macrianus Minor) as joint emperors in opposition to Valerian's son Gallienus. Odaenathus declares himself King of Palmyra and start the process for the independence of its Kingdom. Persian raids Cilicia and Cappadocia.
Siege of Antioch (260)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Sasanian Empire conquers Antioch
Siege of Caesarea Cappadocia (260) part of Crisis of the Third Century	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Sasanian Empire conquers Caesarea Cappadocia
Odaenathus' Sasanian Campaign (261–266) Battle of Ctesiphon (263)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Palmyrene Kingdom	Defeat	The Sasanians lost all the territories they had gained in the Battle of Edessa
Sasanian revolts against Barham II (274–293)	Sasanian Empire	Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Sakastan Khuzistan	Victory	Revolts suppressed
Carus' Sasanian Campaign (283)	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire	Victory	Withdrawal of the Roman forces
Narseh's insurrection (293)	Sasanian Empire Zoroastrians	Narseh's forces Manichaeists	Narseh's Victory	Bahram III is deposed, Kartir reforms are abolished, Zoroastrian theocracy ends and Sasanian empire is centralised.
Galerius' Sasanian campaigns (296–298) Battle of Carrhae (296) Battle of Voskha (298) Battle of Satala (298) Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire	Roman Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Persian invasion of Mesopotamia and Armenia success. Then Roman expels Persians from Armenia, capture Narseh's wife, raid Ctesiphon and gains territory on the Peace of Nisibis (299).
Shapur ll's Arab Campaign (325)	Sasanian Empire	Arabs Iyad Taghlib Banu Bakr Banu Abdul Qays Banu Tamim Banu Hanzalah	Victory	The Sasanian Empire establishes suzerainty over all of the Persian Gulf and numerous factions in Arabia Wall of the Arabs was constructed to prevent raids by the Arabs
Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 (337–361) Battle of Narasara (337) Battle of Arest (337) Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire Xionites/Kidarites	Roman Empire	Indecisive	Status quo ante bellum
Wars of Shapur II with the Chionites and Kushans^[33] (350–358) part of Sasanian–Kushan Wars and Sasanian–Kidarite wars	Sasanian Empire Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Gupta Empire	Xionites/Kidarites Kushan Empire	Victory	Expansion of Sasanian control to the south-east, beyond the Indus River. Nomad peoples, led by the chief Grumbates, are forced to serve as mercenaries in the Persian army against Romans.
Sasanian–Kidarite wars (350–466) Sasanian campaigns in Central Asia	Sasanian Empire Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom Alchon Huns Hepthalites	Kidarites	Victory	Expansion of Sasanian control to the north-east, re-occupying Bactria and going further to Transoxiana. Start of Gupta–Kidarite conflict, as Kidarites were pushed to North India
Shapur II's invasion of Armenia (350) Battle of Voshka Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania	Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire	Defeat	Rise of Arshak II
Shapur II's Armenian campaign (359–361) Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia Roman Empire	Victory	Death of Arshak II
Kidarites invasions of Bactria (360s)	Sasanian Empire Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom	Kidarites	Defeat	Kidara I conquers Bactria and get the title of Kushanshah
Julian's Persian expedition (363)	Sasanian Empire Arab allies	Roman Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Victory	Sasanian annexation of 5 regions & 15 major fortresses from the Roman Empire in addition to the consequent annexation of Armenia
Armeno-Sassanid War of 363–371 Shapur II's 2nd Armenian campaign (367–371) Battle of Bagavan Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania	Roman Empire Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Persians depose Arshak II of Armenia. Then Armenia is under Roman suzerainty through Pap of Armenia entronization.
Shapur III's Armenian Campaign (378–386) Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Armenia Eastern Roman Empire	Victory	Peace of Acilisene Roman and Persian partition of Armenia Eastern Persarmenia of Khosrov IV of Armenia is given to the Sassanids Western Armenia of Arshak III is given to the Romans. Both empires agreed to protect the Caucasus from nomad invasions.
Hunnic invasion of the Sasanian Empire (395)	Sasanian Empire co-belligerent Roman Empire	Hunnic Empire	Victory	Huns quit
Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422 (421–422)	Sasanian Empire Lakhmid Arabs	Eastern Roman Empire	Inconclusive	Status quo ante bellum Zoroastrianism is tolerated by Romans and Christianism by Persians. Both empires agreed to fight against south nomads (Arabs).
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 440 (440)	Sasanian Empire	Eastern Roman Empire	Indecisive	Status quo ante bellum Both empires agreed to battle northern nomads (Scythians and Vandals).
Vardan's War (449–451) Siege of Aang Castle Battle of Khaghkhagh Battle of Avarayr Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire Pro-Sasanian Armenians	Christian Armenians	Victory	Following Persian the victory, Yazdegerd jailed some Armenian priests and nobles and appointed a new governor for Armenia but, the Armenians gained religious freedom for their Christian faith.
Sassanian War of Succession^[34] (457–459)	Loyals to Hormizd III	Loyals to Peroz I	Peroz Victory	Peroz deposes his older brother
Albanian's Revolt (457–459)	Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania (pro-Persia) Zoroastrians	Caucasian Albania (independentists) Church of Caucasian Albania Hunnic Empire	Defeat	Vache II of Albania, of the Arsacid dynasty of Caucasian Albania, success in stablish an independent Kingdom.
Kidarite-Sassanid War (464–466)^[35]^[36]	Sasanian Empire Alchon Huns	Kidarites	Victory	End of Kidarite menace to Persia in Bactria
Vahan's War (481–484) Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire Zoroastrians	Sasanian Armenia Armenian Christians co-belligerent: Hephthalite Empire	Defeat	Treaty of Nvarsak Religious freedoom for Christians in Armenia is seizured.
Hephthalite–Sasanian Wars (484–565) Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484 Sukhra's Hephthalite campaign Battle of Gol-Zarriun (Part of Wars of Khosrow I)	Sasanian Empire Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom First Turkic Khaganate	Hephthalite Empire	Victory	The Hephthalite Empire breaks into minor kingdoms. Sasanians and Turks established a frontier for their zones of influence along the Oxus river
Byzantine–Sassanid Wars (502–628)	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Status quo ante bellum	Borders changed several times.
Anastasian War (502–506)	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Draw	Status quo ante bellum^[37] •Byzantium pays a small amount of money^[38]^: 77
Aksumite invasion of Himyar (518–525)	Himyarite Kingdom Jewish Himyarites Supported by: Sasanian Empire	Kingdom of Aksum South Arabian Christians Supported by: • Byzantine Empire	Defeat	Aksumite victory and conquest of Yemen End of persecution of Christians by Jewish Himyarites Byzantines success in establishing an anti-Sasanid bloc in Arabia Felix
Iberian War (526–532) Part of Wars of Khosrow I	Sasanian Empire Lakhmids Sabirs	Byzantine Empire Iberia Ghassanids Huns Heruli Aksumites Kinda	Inconclusive	*Sasanians retained Iberia Byzantines retained Lazica Treaty of Eternal Peace Byzantines
Lazic War (541–562) Belisarius' invasion of Mesopotamia in 541 Mihr-Mihroe's campaign of 554 Part of Wars of Khosrow I	Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire Goths Ghassanids	Disputed	Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
Aksumite–Persian wars (570–578) Battle of Hadhramaut Siege of Sanaa (570) Sasanian reconquest of Yemen Part of Wars of Khosrow I	Sasanian Empire Himyarite Kingdom Supported by: Jewish Himyarites	Kingdom of Aksum Aksum Yemen Supported by: Byzantine Empire South Arabian Christians	Victory	Ethiopians expelled from the Himyarite Kingdom. (Yemen is annexed by the Sasanian Empire)
Armenian Revolt of 571–572 Part of Armeno–Sassanid Conflicts	Sasanian Empire	Mamikonian Armenian Christians	Defeat	Start of War for the Caucasus and end of Persian attempts to assimilate Armenians.
War for the Caucasus (572–591) Part of Wars of Khosrow I	Sasanian Empire Lakhmids	Byzantine Empire Ghassanids Mamikonians Huns	Defeat	• Khosrow II is restored to the Sasanian throne. • Khosrow II gives the Byzantine Empire most of Persian Armenia and western half of Iberia after the Sasanian civil war of 589–591 • Byzantium stops paying tribute to Sasanian empire^[39]
First Perso-Turkic War (588–589)	Sasanian Empire	Hephthalite Empire Göktürks	Victory	The Sassanids captured Balkh.
Sasanian civil war of 589–591 Part of War for the Caucasus	Sasanian Empire	Supporters of Bahram Chobin Dissatisfied Sasanian nobles supported by: Byzantine Empire	Khosrow II Victory	Khosrow II faction's victory
Vistahm Rebellion (590–596)	Sasanian Empire	Parthians led by Vistahm	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 Sasanian invasion of Armenia Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem Shahin's invasion of Asia Minor Sasanian conquest of Egypt Heraclius' Anatolian campaign Heraclius Caucasus campaign	Sasanian Empire Lakhmids Sasanian Iberia Asoristan Sasanian Egypt Avars (and Slavic allies)	Byzantine Empire Ghassanids Roman Egypt Western Turkic Khaganate	Defeat	The Sasanians agree to withdraw from all occupied territories and return the "True Cross". Iranian invasion of the Byzantine Empire repelled after initial successes in conquering the Levant, Egypt, and much of Anatolia. Beginning of the Sasanian civil war of 628–632
War of the Camel's Udder (604–611)	Sasanian Empire Lakhmid kingdom	Pre-Islamic Arabia Banu Bakr Banu Ijl Banu Yashkur Banu Dhuhl Banu Qays Banu Taym ibn Tha'labah Abd al-Qays Banu Tamim	Defeat	Sasanian rule briefly interrumpted until restored by Ruzbi, the frontier governor (marzban) of al-Hira.^[40]
Second Perso-Turkic War (614–616)	Sasanian Empire Persarmenia	Western Turkic Khaganate Hephthalite Empire	Victory	Smbat IV Bagratuni successfully defend Sasanian Central Asia from the Turkic invasion.
Jewish revolt against Heraclius (614–617/625) Part of Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Jewish rebels Sasanian Empire	Byzantine Empire	Status quo ante bellum	Jewish surrender and expulsion after a brief rule by Persians and Jews over parts of the Byzantine Diocese of the East.
Sasanian incursions into Nubia (620s)^[41]	Sasanian Empire Sasanian Egypt Kingdom of Makuria	Kingdom of Nobatia Byzantine Empire Roman Egypt	Inconclusive	Persians are expelled by Byzantines, but Persian incursions destroy Christian Churchs and debilitate Nobatians, causing its decline and further conquest by simultaneous Makurian invasion.
Third Perso-Turkic War (627–629) Part of Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Sasanian Empire Principality of Iberia Supported by: Eastern Turkic Khaganate	Western Turkic Khaganate Supported by: • Byzantine Empire	Defeat	Byzantine control of Georgia
Sasanian civil war of 628–632 Part of Sasanian revolts and civil wars	The Parsig faction The Nimruzi faction	The Pahlav (Parthian) faction Shahrbaraz's army	Stalemate	Yazdegerd III is recognized as king of Iran. Weakening of the Sasanian Empire The governors of the provinces of Mazun and Yemen gain independence (disintegration of Sasanian rule in the Arabian peninsula).
Muslim conquest of Persia (633–654) Arab conquest of Mesopotamia Muslim conquest of Khuzestan Arab conquest of Fars Muslim conquest of Khorasan Muslim conquest of Sistan Muslim conquest of Kerman Muslim conquest of Northern Persia Part of Early Muslim conquests and Military conquests of Umar's era	Sasanian Empire Caucasian Albania Sasanian Armenia Arab Christians Supported by: Byzantine Empire^[42] Principality of Iberia Principality of Chaghaniyan Rai dynasty Hephthalites Nezak Huns Göktürks	Rashidun Caliphate Kanarang	Defeat (Regime change)	Fall of the Sassanid Empire Iran is added to the Caliphate Then Muslim conquests of Afghanistan, Muslim invasion of India, Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan, Muslim conquest of Armenia and Arab–Khazar wars
Sasanids attempts to recuperate the Persian throne (657–679)	Tang China Protectorate General to Pacify the West Sassanids in exile	Rashidun Caliphate (until 661) Umayyad Caliphate (from 661) • Western Turkic Khaganate	Defeat	The Tang campaigns against the Western Turks (by Pei Xingjian) success and the Chinese established a "Persian military commandery" (波斯都督府) in the city of Zābol (疾陵城 Jilicheng) in Tokharistan, and Peroz was appointed as Military Commander (都督 Dudu). Then this government, with the capital at Zirang, fell in 673/674. After that, Narsieh went west with his troops to liberate Iranshahr in 679 and fought against the Arabs in Takharistan for almost thirty years. The failure and end of the persian restoration campaign attempt in Siege of Kamarja Narsieh's uncle, Bahram, died in 710, and Bahram's son, Khosrow, was mentioned fighting alongside Sogdians and Turks against the Arabs at the siege of Kamarja in 729 in a futile attempt to restore Sasanian rule.^[43]

Medieval Islamic Era

Conflict	Persianate State (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Iranian Intermezzo (821–1090)
Arab–Khazar wars (642–799) Battle of Marj Ardabil	Caliphates Rashidun Caliphate (until 661) Umayyad Caliphate (from 661 to 750) Abbasid Caliphate (since 750)	Khazar Khaganate Jewish people	Stalemate	South Caucasus falls under the control of the Caliphate. Northward Muslim expansion is stopped at Derbent. Jibal and Iranian Azerbaijan are sacked by Khazar raiders.
Persian revolts against the Rashidun Caliphate (650–661) Part of First Fitna and Muslim conquest of Persia	Persians	Rashidun Caliphate	Defeat	Arab control over Persia is consolidated. Start of Islamization of Iran
Kharijite Rebellions against Ali (657–661) Banu Najiyah revolt Part of First Fitna	Rashidun Caliphate	Kharijites	Victory	Alid control over Southern Persia and Bahrain restored. Assassination of Ali
Muslim conquest of Transoxiana (673–751) Battle of Talas	Abbasid Caliphate Tibetan Empire Karluk mercenaries	Principalities of Tokharistan Sogdian principalities Khwarazm Fergana Türgesh Kaghanate Second Turkic Khaganate Tang China	Victory	Islamization of Transoxiana End of Chinese dominance and influence in Transoxiana
Second Fitna (Muslim civil war of 680–692)	Zubayrid Caliphate Alids Kharijites	Umayyad Caliphate	Defeat	Kharijite faction, the Azariqa, captures Fars and Kirman from the Zubayrids. Ex-Zubayrid loyalists help Umayyad to secured Iraq, and consequently most of its dependencies in Persia. Then, Umayyad victory after Siege of Mecca. Qatari ibn al-Fuja'a's revolt persist until his death in 698/699.
Umayyad campaigns in India (712–740) part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent	Umayyad Caliphate	Gurjara-Pratihara Guhila dynasty Maitraka dynasty Chalukya dynasty Karkota Empire	Defeat	Arab, and later Turco-Persian Muslim invasions to India, stop for the next 250 years. Islamization of modern Pakistan.
Al-Harith ibn Surayj's Revolt (734–746) Battle of the Baggage Battle of Kharistan	Murji'ah Iranian converts (mawali) Khorasani Arabs Supported by: Türgesh Sogdian princes of Transoxiana	Umayyad Caliphate Supported by: Principality of Juzjan Principality of Chaghaniyan	Defeat	Revolt suppressed
Revolts of Zayd ibn Ali (740)	Umayyad Caliphate	Alids	Victory	Abbasid missionary movement begin to make headway in Khurasan.
Third Fitna (744–750) Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani's revolt Juday al-Kirmani's revolt Abbasid Revolution	Abbasid Caliphate Supported by: Some Arabs Alids/Shia Muslims (mostly Persians) Mawali Kharijites	Umayyad Caliphate Supported by: Qays	Victory	Abbasid appropriation of most former Umayyad territory Eventual establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba End of privileged status for Arabs End of official discrimination against non-Arabs
Mount Lebanon revolts of 752 and 759 (752/759)	Abbasid Caliphate Tanukhids Lakhmids	Eastern Christians Mardaites Maronites Melkites Supported: Byzantine Empire	Victory	Christian inhabitants of parts of interior and coastal Lebanon expelled and replaced with Arab tribes
Sunpadh Rebellion (755)	Sunpadh Movement Supported by : Daylamites Dabuyids of Tabaristan	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat	Zoroastrians and Persian Zindiqs/Heretics (worshipers of Abu Muslim) are repressed.
Abbasid Conquest of Tabaristan (758-761)	Dabuyid dynasty Masmughans of Damavand	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat	Anexation of Tabaristan to the Abassid Caliphate.
Alid revolt of 762–763 (762–763)	Abbasid Caliphate	Alids	Victory	Revolt suppressed with the help of Iranian troops.
Tabaristan uprising (781–805)	Karenids Bavandids Baduspanids Zarmihrids	Abbasid Caliphate Supported: Barmakids	Defeat	Arabs conquered Tabaristan in 758-759. The Suppression of the uprising
Abbasid expeditions to East Africa (804, 827/837)	1st phase Abbasid Caliphate 2nd phase Persians wālīs of Zanj	1st phase Africans from Zanj Mogadishu Kilwa 2nd phase Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	The Kharaj is imposed on the Africans. Persian rebels against Mihna get a compromise.
Rafi ibn al-Layth's Revolt in Khurasan (806–809)	Abbasid Caliphate Governorate of Khorasan Abna al-dawla	Samarkand Iranians Khorasani Arabs Turkic peoples Oghuz Karluk	Victory	Revolters defeat Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan and Harun al-Rashid. Then surrenders to Harun's son in exchange of pardon
Zutt Rebellion (810–835)	Abbasid Caliphate	Zuṭṭ	Victory	Zutt colonization of Khuzestan after being expelled from Iraq.
Fourth Fitna (Abbasid civil war of 811–813/819)	Al-Ma'mun (supported mostly by Persian forces) Tahir ibn Husayn	Al-Amin (supported mostly by Arab forces) Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan	Victory	Defeat and death of al-Amin; al-Ma'mun is recognized as Caliph on 27 September 813. Tahir ibn Husayn rewarded as governor of Khorasan, which marked the beginning of the Tahirids.
Babak Khorramdin Revolt (816–837)	Abbasid Caliphate	Khurramite Zoroastrians Supported: Byzantine Empire	Victory	Capture and execution of Babak Khorramdin
Hamza ibn Azarak's Kharijites rebellion in Sistan (823–828)	Tahirid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Kharijites	Inconclusive	Hamza's death in 828 and the death of Talha shortly after put an end to this series of conflicts.
Kharijite revolt of Bilal al-Dibabi^[44] (829)	Abbasid Caliphate	Kharijites	Victory	Revolt suppressed by Ujayf ibn Anbasa in northern Persia .
Mazyar uprising (839)	Tahirid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Spahbed Mazyar and Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin's forces	Defeat	Mazyar was arrested and sent to Baghdad. Tahirid control over Tabaristan was therefore secured. Mazyar was Crucified next to babak in 840CE^[45]
Wars between Alawites of Tabaristan and Taheri (864–867) Zaydid revolt of 864 Part of Anarchy at Samarra	Tahirid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Alid dynasties of northern Iran Hasan ibn Zayd's forces	Defeat	Hasan, who assumed the regnal name al-Da‘ī ila’l-ḥaqq ("He who summons to the Truth"), was recognized as emir of Tabaristan.
Caspian expeditions of the Rus' (864–1041)	Abbasid Caliphate Alid dynasties of northern Iran Samanid Empire Shirvanshah Buyid dynasty Sallarid dynasty • Khazars (from 965) Burtas Alans • Byzantine Empire (941) Sarir Volga Bulgaria	Kievan Rus' Oghuz Turks Pechenegs • Khazars (until 943)	Stalemate	Occupation of several areas on the outskirts of the Volga and the Dnieper by the Russians. Start of Russian expansionism on the Caucasus. The disintegration of the Khazar Empire Sack of different areas by the Russians in Iranian territories near Caspian Sea The local Muslims defeated the Russians in their attempts to conquest Persian territories.
Zanj Rebellion Al-Ahwaz theater (869–883)	Zanj slave rebels Allied Arabs Banu Tamim Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah Bahila Saffarids	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat	Revolt suppressed
Hindu Shahi–Saffarid wars (870–900)	Saffarids	Hindu Shahis Lawik dynasty	Inconclusive	Saffarids withdraw from Medieval India due to the rise of Samanid Empire and Lawik dynasty.
Justanid-Abbasid clashes^[46] (876–879) Part of Anarchy at Samarra	Justanids Alids	Abbasid Caliphate	Stalemate	Justan III consolidates his throne.
Battle of al-Baida (874/875)	Saffarids	Kharijites	Victory	Ya'qub ibn al-Layth defeated the Kharijite leader Muhammad ibn Wasil
Battle of Dayr al-Aqul (876) Part of Anarchy at Samarra	Saffarids	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat	Abbasid rule in Iraq is defended.
Saffarid-Abassid War^[47] (884/85–892)	Saffarids	Abbasid Caliphate Dulafid dynasty	Stalemate	Caliphal authority is seizured without depossing Saffarid dominance in the East.
Samanid Civil War of 888	Nasr I forces	Ismail I forces	Defeat	Rise of Ismail I to the power.
Dulafid-Abbasid Conflict^[48]	Dulafid dynasty	Abbasid Caliphate	Defeat	Dulafid are depossed and replaced by a Caliphal governor (Isa al-Nushari).
Samanid conquest of northern Iran (900–901) Battle of Balkh Battle of Gorgan (900)	Samanid Empire Supported by: Abbasid Caliphate	Saffarids Zaydids	Victory	Samanids took over the province of Tabaristan, Ismail then appointed his cousin Abu'l-Abbas Abdullah as the governor of Tabaristan.
Sajid invasion of Georgia (914)	Sajid dynasty	Tao-Klarjeti Kingdom of Kakheti Kingdom of Abkhazia	Stalemate	Despite military victories, sajid withdraw from Georgia
Sajid invasion of Armenia (921)	Sajid dynasty	Kingdom of Armenia	Defeat	Armenia success to maintain its independence.
Qarmatian invasion of Iraq (927–928)	Abbasid Caliphate Sajid dynasty	Qarmatians of Bahrayn Baqliyya rebels	Stalemate	End of Qarmatian expansionism Collapse of the Abbasid Empire
Battle of Iskhabad (940) Part of the Samanid–Ziyarid Wars	Ziyarid dynasty Firuzanids	Samanid Empire	Defeat	Samanid conquest of the territory
Battle of Baghdad (946)	Buyids	Hamdanids	Victory	Buyid Emirate is consolidated in Iraq.
Rebellion of Bardas Phokas the Younger (987–989)	Rebels from Phokas clan Support from: Principality of Tao Buyid Dynasty 2,000 Georgians, Armenians until 988 Rebels from Bardas Skleros Arab mercenaries until mid-987	Byzantine Empire Loyalists to Basil II Kievan Rus'	Defeat	Revolt suppressed
Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)
Yaqub's campaigns to the east (861–870) part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent	Saffarid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Zunbils Kharijites Medieval India Hindu Shahis Buddhist tribal chiefs	Victory	Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched through Bost, Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Bamyan, Balkh and Herat, conquering them in the name of Islam.
Saffarid-Abbasid War (873–876) Battle of Dayr al-Aqul Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)	Saffarid dynasty Ayyars	Abbasid Caliphate Tahirid dynasty Zaydid	Defeat	In 873, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar ousted the Tahirids from their own capital of Nishapur, and captured its ruler Muhammad ibn Tahir, which led to conflicts with the Abbasid caliphate. The Abbasid caliph completely halted Ya`qub's advance and put an end to what was arguably a major threat to the Abbasid Caliphate.^[49]
Battle of Mecca (883) Part of Abbasid decline (861–940)	Saffarid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate	Tulunids	Victory	The invaders are expelled from the holiest city of Mecca.
Battle of Balkh (900)	Saffarid Amirate	Samanid Empire	Defeat	The Saffarids lose much territory to the Samanids in Khorasan, and were left with the control of Fars, Kerman and Sistan, but they also lost these provinces after a civil war.
Saffarid Campaign in the Fars province (900–904)	Saffarid Amirate	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	Temporarily regained Fars, but the Saffarids withdrew soon afterwards.
Military expedition against Makran (907 or 908)	Saffarid Amirate	Ma'danids	Victory	Saffarids able to compel the Ma'danid to give three years of tribute.
Civil war between Tahir and the pretender Al-Layth (909–912)	Tahir ibn Muhammad ibn Amr	Al-Layth	Stalemate	Sebük-eri, who had managed to win over Tahir's commanders, won an easy victory and captured the brothers. They were sent to the Caliph and imprisoned in Baghdad, though they were treated well for the remainder of their lives.
Buyid-Saffarid War (967–968)	Saffarid dynasty	Buyid dynasty	Defeat	Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority.

First Turco-Persian Era

Conflict	Persianate State (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Ghaznavid dynasty (962–1186)
Ghaznavid campaigns in East Persia (999–1004) Ghaznavid conquest of Sistan Ghaznavid campaign in Khorasan	Ghaznavid Empire	Saffarid Empire Samanid Empire	Victory	North-Eastern Persia annexed by the Afghan-centered Ghaznavid Sultanate (although still under suzerainty to the Abbasid Caliphs), and fall of both Samanids and Saffarids.
March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India (1001–1027) Battle of Chach part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent	Ghaznavid Empire	Medieval India Hindu Shahis	Victory	The northern parts of India were annexed by Iran. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted.
Kara-Khanid invasion of Khorasan (1006–1008)	Ghaznavid Empire	Kara-Khanid Khanate	Victory	Ghaznavids expels the invaders.
Ghaznavid conquest of Khwarazm (1017)	Ghaznavid Empire	Ma'munids	Victory	Ghaznavids expands to Central Asia.
Ghaznavid campaigns in West Persia (1026–1030)	Abbasid Caliphate Ghaznavid Empire	Buyids Sallarids Ziyarids	Victory	Makran, Ray, Hamadan, Ishfahan, Tabaristan are conquered by Ghaznavids, who already controlled Sistan, Khorasan and parts of northern Persia. Abbasid supremacy over Persia is secured by Ghaznavids.
Ghaznavid–Kakuyid war (1029–1039) Battle of Rey (1038)	Ghaznavid Empire Annazids	Kakuyids Buyids	Inconclusive	Conflict suspended due to the death of Ala al-Dawla Muhammad and the Seljuk expansionism. Ghaznavid brief conquest of Kakuyid domains into Northwestern Iran Avicenna's library destroyed during the war
Battle of Dabusiyya (1032)	Ghaznavid Empire	Kara-Khanid Khanate	Stalemate	Indecisive.
Ghaznavid campaigns in India (10th and 11th centuries) March of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni to India Sack of Somnath Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent and Ghaznavid-Hindu Shahi conflicts	Ghaznavid Empire	Medieval India Hindu Shahis Rajput confederacy Jatts Chandelas Kachchhapaghata dynasty Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty Lodi dynasty of Multan Tomara dynasty	Victory	The northern parts of India were annexed by Iranian states. Somnath temple was destroyed and its treasures looted. Later Islamic empires would appear on the subcontinent.

Seljuq Empire
(1037–1194)

Seljuk-Ghaznavid Wars

Seljuk Empire

Ghaznavid Empire

Victory

(Regime change)

• Fall of the Ghaznavid Empire in Iran.

• Rise of the Seljuk Empire and Turco-Persian tradition.

Siege of Hamadan (1047)

Victory

Hamedan and Isfahan are conquered by Seljuk empire.

Georgian–Seljuk wars

(1048–1213)

Seljuk Empire

Kingdom of Georgia

Zakarid Armenia

Defeat

Initial victory on the Great Turkish Invasion. Then Georgia liberates from being tributary of Seljuk.

Byzantine–Seljuq wars
(1048–1308)

Seljuk Empire

Byzantine Empire

Empire of Trebizond
Crusader states

Kingdom of Georgia

Victory

Most of Anatolia conquered by the Seljuks, starting Turkification of modern Turkey.

Sieges of Baghdad (1055–1059)

Seljuk Empire

Supported by: Abbasid Caliphate

Buyid dynasty

Supported by: Fatimid Caliphate

Victory

Overthrow of the Qarmatians

(1058–1077)

Seljuk Empire

Uyunid Emirate
Abbasid Caliphate

Qarmatians

Victory

End of Qarmatian rule in eastern Arabia

Seljuk war of succession

(1063)

Battle of Damghan (1063)

Alp Arslan forces

Qutalmish forces

Victory

Alp Arslan obtains the throne.

Battle of Manzikert
(1071)

Seljuk Empire

Byzantine Empire

Victory

Seljuks enter Anatolia.

Seljuk Civil War

Battle of Kerj Abu Dulaf (1073)

Seljuk Empire

Malik-Shah I forces

Kerman Seljuk Sultanate

Qavurt and his son's forces

Victory

Malik Shah maintains the throne

Battle of Ain Salm

(1086)

Seljuk Empire

Sultanate of Rûm

Victory

Death of Suleiman ibn Qutalmish

Nizari–Seljuk conflicts

(1090–1194)

Seljuk Empire
Abbasid Caliphate
Fatimid Caliphate (succeeded by the Ayyubid Sultanate)
Crusader states

(Nizari) Ismailis of Persia and Syria

Order of Assassins

Stalemate

Nizaris consolidate a state in Daylam, Quhistan, and Jabal Bahra', then controls other scattered areas in Alborz mountains, Zagros mountains, and Khurasan.

First Crusade

(1095–1099)

Part of Crusades

Muslims :

Crusaders Kingdom of France Byzantine Empire Armenian Cilicia County of Flanders Papal States Republic of Genoa Holy Roman Empire County of Sicily Duchy of Apulia and Calabria

Defeat

The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire
The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader states

Siege of Mosul (1096)

Seljuk Empire

Uqaylid dynasty

Victory

Seljuks conquers the territory of the Uqaylid State

Battle of Ghazni (1117)

Seljuk Empire

Ghaznavid Empire

Victory

Bahram of Ghazna succeeded to the throne as the Seljuk's vassal

First Siege of Baghdad (1136)

Seljuk Empire

Abbasid Caliphate

Victory

al-Rashid fled the city for Mosul, where he abdicated the caliphate. His uncle, al-Muqtafi, was raised to the throne instead by Mas'ud, who then retired to the east.

(1141)

Qara Khitai (Western Liao)

Karluks

Defeat

Khwarazm became a vassal state of the Kara-Khitan.

Second Crusade

(1147–1150)

Part of Zengid–Crusader War and Crusades

Muslim :
- Seljuk Empire
- Abbasid Caliphate
- Fatimid Caliphate
- Nizari Ismaili state in Syria (the Assassins)

Crusaders

Western front (Reconquista)

Wendish Crusade

- Holy Roman Empire (Germany)
- Jutland-Kingdom of Denmark
- Zealand/Scania-Kingdom of Denmark
- Kingdom of Poland

Victory

Lisbon captured by the Portuguese, Tarragona and Tortosa captured by the Catalans
Wagria and Polabia captured by the Saxon Crusaders

Second Siege of Baghdad (1157)

Seljuk Empire

Abbasid Caliphate

Defeat

Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul.

Ghurid dynasty (879–1215)
Battle of Ghazni (1148)	Ghurid dynasty	Ghaznavids	Victory	The Ghurid ruler Sayf al-Din Suri defeated Bahram-Shah and took the city while Bahram-Shah fled to India.
Battle of Ghazni (1151)	Ghurid dynasty	Ghaznavids	Victory	The Ghurid ruler Ala al-Din Husayn defeated Bahram-Shah, captured the city, and destroyed it as revenge for the execution of his brother Quṭb ud-Dīn in 1149.
Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor (1175–1206) First Battle of Tarain Second Battle of Tarain Battle of Chandawar Siege of Bayana Siege of Gwalior (1196) Battle of Kasahrada (1197) Ghurid invasion of Bengal Battle of Jhelum (1206) Siege of Kalinjar	Ghurid dynasty	Rajput confederacy Chahamanas of Shakambhari Gahadavala dynasty Sena dynasty Soomra dynasty Ghaznavids Qarmatians Tibetan tribes	Victory	Muhammad of Ghor seizes much of northern India. Foundation of Delhi Sultanate Islamization of Bangladesh
Ghurid-Qara Khitai conflicts^[50] (1198–1200s)	Ghurid dynasty	Qara Khitai	Defeat	Qara Khitai raiders plundered successfully the northern part of the Ghurid state.
Ghurid conquest of Khorasan (1200–1201)	Ghurid dynasty	Khwarazmian dynasty	Victory	Ghurid expansion to the north as far as Gorgan and Bastam.
Battle of Andkhud (1204)	Ghurid dynasty	Khwarazmian dynasty Qara Khitai Kara-Khanid Khanate	Defeat	Ghurids lost suzerainty of Khurasan to the Khwarezmian Empire, starting their decline.
Ghurid invasion of Tibet (1206)	Ghurid dynasty	Tibetan people (Era of Fragmentation)	Defeat	Tibetan indepencen seizured Death of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji

Khwarazmian dynasty (1077–1231)
Khwarazmian conquest of Persia (1156–1215)^[51] Battle of Rey (1194) Siege of Herat (1202) Siege of Gurgānj (1202) Battle of Amu Darya (1204) Battle of Hezarasp (1204) Battle of Andkhud (1204)	Khwarazmian Empire Supported by: Abbasid Caliphate Qara Khitai (sometimes)	Seljuk Empire Ghurid dynasty	Victory (Regime change)	Seljuks are overthrown with the death of Toghrul III by the Khwarazmian army at the Battle of Rey.^[52] Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud recognise the Khwarazmian suzerainty over Ghurids. Then Ghurid dynasty comes to an end in 1215.
Irghiz River skirmish (1209/1219)	Khwarazmian Empire	Mongol Confederation	Stalemate	Inconclussive due to Mongol retreat in order to chase Merkits or Naimans dissidents instead of start a war with Persia.
Khwarazmian–Qara Khitai Wars^[53] (1210–1220)	Khwarazmian Empire Kara-Khanid Khanate Co-belligerent: Mongol Empire (since 1218)	Qara Khitai Supported by: Mongol clans Naimans	Inconclussive	Syr Darya becomes the de facto frontier between both States. Conflict suspended due to the Rise of Genghis Khan and Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai.
Mongol invasion of Persia (1218–1256) Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia Mongol campaign against the Nizaris part of Mongol invasion of Central Asia and the Mongol invasions of India	Khwarazmian dynasty Nizari Ismaili state Abbasid Caliphate Co-belligerent: Jin dynasty Western Xia	Mongol Empire	Defeat (Regime change)	Khwarezmia domains added to the Mongol Empire Jalal al-Din Mangburni resists in exile until 1231 in India and the Caucasus. Mongol invasions of Georgia and Mongol invasions of Anatolia begin.
Georgian-Khwarazmid war (1225–1228) Battle of Garni Siege of Tbilisi (1226) Battle of Bolnisi	Khwarazmian dynasty Principality of Maragheh	Kingdom of Georgia Kipchaks Alans Vainakhs Leks	Victory	Khwarezmian last domains added the Georgian domains
Seljuk-Khwarazmid war (1230) Battle of Yassıçemen	Khwarezm Shahs Seljuk rebels Empire of Trebizond	Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm Ayyubid Sultanate	Defeat	Khwarezmian last domains partitioned between Seljuks and Mongols
Siege of Jerusalem (1244)	Ayyubid Sultanate Khwarazmians	Kingdom of Jerusalem	Victory	Muslim capture of Jerusalen

Mongolian Era

Conflict	Persianate State (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Ilkhanid dynasty (1256–1335)
Mongol invasions of Anatolia (1241–1335) Part of Mongol invasion of West Asia	Mongol Empire Ilkhanate Principality of Khachen	Sultanate of Rum Anatolian Beyliks	Victory	Mongols adds the Anatolian domains to Persian-centered Ilkhanate.
Georgian Rebellion of 1256 Part of Mongol invasions of Georgia	Mongol Empire Ilkhanate	Georgia	Victory	Rebellion suppressed. Georgian vilayats are submitted to Persia-centered Ilkhanate.
Siege of Baghdad (1258)	Mongol Empire Ilkhanate Georgia^[54] Armenian Cilicia^[54] Principality of Antioch	Abbasid Caliphate	Victory	Abbasid territories added to Persian centered Ilkhanate and starts the Mongol invasions of the Levant End of the Islamic Golden Age
Mongol-Ayyubid War (1259-1260) Siege of Mayyafariqin Siege of Aleppo (1260)	Mongol Empire Ilkhanate Armenian Cilicia Principality of Antioch Zakarids Proshyans Zengids	Ayyubid Dinasty	Victory	Mongols adds Aleppo (modern Syria) to the Persian-centered Ilkhanate. Then clashes with the Mamluk Sultanate.
Mongol invasions of the Levant (1260–1323) Mongol raids into Palestine Part of the Crusades (Lord Edward's crusade and Crusade of the Infants of Aragon)	Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire Cilician Armenia Kingdom of Georgia Seljuk Sultanate of Rum Antioch-Tripoli Yuan Empire Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264) Kingdom of Jerusalem Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller	Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid remnants Nizari Ismailis of Syria Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264) Karamanid rebels Abbasids	Defeat	Mongols fail to conquer Egypt or get a formal Franco-Mongol alliance.
Toluid Civil War (1260–1264)	Kublai Khan and his allies	Ariq Böke and his allies	Victory	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Berke–Hulagu war (1262)	Ilkhanate Supported by: Byzantine Empire	Golden Horde Supported by: Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate	Inconclusive	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301) Battle of Herat (1270)	Yuan dynasty Ilkhanate (ally of Kublai)	Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde (ally of Kaidu until 1284)	Inconclusive	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318)	Yuan China Ilkhanate	Chagatai Khanate	Victory	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Golden Horde-Ilkhanate War (1318–20)	Ilkhanate Chobanids Chagatai Khanate	Golden Horde Rebels: Chagatayid Qara'unas Irinjin of Anatolia Qurumushi of Georgia	Victory	Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire
Chupanid Rebellion (1322–1327)	Ilkhanate Kart dynasty Supported by: Chagatai Khanate	Chobanids Jalayirids	Victory	Amir Chupan is executed by Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, who then gets to marry with Baghdad Khatun (daughter of Chupan).
Disintegration of the Ilkhanate (1335–57) Battle of Jaghatu Battle of Qara Darra Battle of Zava	Various factions	Various factions	Collapse of the dynasty (Regime change)	Fragmentation ot the Ilkhanate Oirats' political power vanishes from Iranian Society. Muzaffarid conquers Kirmanshah and all Injuids' domains. Rise of the Jalayirid Sultanate as the dominant power.
Jalayirid dynasty (1335–1432)
Jalayirid conquest of Azerbaiyan (1356–60)	Chobanids^[55] (until 1357) Jalayirid Sultanate	Golden Horde (until 1358) Muzaffarids	Victory	Jani Beg conquers Tabriz and kills Malek Ashraf. Then Berdi Beg quits of the region due to Golden Horde's Great Troubles. Mubariz al-Din Muhammad briefly takes the region, but then quits. Shaykh Uways Jalayir gets to conquer former Chobanid Azerbaiyan
Muzaffarid Civil War (1363–74)	Muzaffarids loyals to sha Mahmud Supported by: Jalayirid Sultanate	Muzaffarids loyals to Shah Shoja Mozaffari	Stalemate	Jalayirid expands their domains in Iran, but Shah Shoja Mozaffari gets to rule the Muzaffarid state (from Isfahan to Balochistan).
Anti-Jalayirid revolts of 1364–1367^[56]	Jalayirid Sultanate	Shirvanshah Kavus' rebels of Shirvan Khwaja Murjan's rebels of Baghdad Supported by: Qara Qoyunlu Mamluks	Victory	Both revolts are suppressed and the rulers agains recognise the Vassalage to Jalayirids.
Jalayarid conquest of Eastern Iran^[57]^[58] (1371–74)	Jalayirid Sultanate	Wali of Astarabad Sarbadars	Victory	Jalayirid's rule is consolidated over whole Iran.
Jalayarid wars of Succession^[57] (1374–1384)	Jalayirid Sultanate Support against invaders: Shirvanshahs^[59] Qara Qoyunlu (since 1383)^[60]	Jalayarid pretenders: Shaikh Ali Jalayir Sultan Ahmed Jalayir Shaikh Bayazid Jalayir Invaders: Muzaffarids Qara Qoyunlu (until 1383)	Stalemate	Shaikh Hussain Jalayir maintains his rule over whole Jalayirid domains, but starting the decadence of the Sultanate. Then, Ahmad Jalayir depose his brother in 1382 and defeat the rest of his brothers.
Golden Horde raid to Iranian Azerbaiyan^[61] (1385)	Jalayirid Sultanate Emirate of Hakkâri	Golden Horde Co-Belligerents: Timurid dynasty Chagatai Khanate	Defeat	Jalayirid domains are devastated by the raids, being weakened to near collapse.

Second Turco-Persian Era

Conflict	Persianate State (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Timurid dynasty (1370–1507)
Campaigns of Timur (1380–1402) Tokhtamysh–Timur war Timurid invasions of Georgia Timurid invasions of Simsim	Timurid dynasty	Muzaffarids Jalayirid Sultanate Tughlaq dynasty Golden Horde Kingdom of Georgia Delhi Sultanate Mamluks Ottoman Empire Anatolian beyliks Black Tatars Albanian principalities Moravian Serbia District of Branković Wallachia Knights Hospitaller	Victory	Rise of the Timurid Empire in Iran The Delhi Sultanate became a Timurid vassal. Outbreak of the Ottoman Civil War
Battle of Mush (1387) Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan	Timurid dynasty	Qara Qoyunlu	Defeat	Qara Yusuf temporarily expels the Timurids.
Battle of Algami Canal (1402) Part of Timurid Invasion of Iraq	Timurid dynasty	Qara Qoyunlu	Victory	Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Qara Yusuf both escaped Iraq again and fled towards Egypt
Timurid Civil Wars (1405–~1501) Battle of Sarakhs (1459) Siege of Shahrukhiya	Various factions	Various factions	Collapse of the dynasty (Regime change)	Rise of the Shi'ite Safavid dynasty
Georgian invasion of Timurid Domains (1405–1407) Qara Qoyunlu raid of Georgia (1407)^[62]	Timurid dynasty Qara Qoyunlu	Kingdom of Georgia	Defeat	George VII of Georgia succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent (regaining Nakhchivan and Ganja).^[63]
Battle of Nakhchivan (1406) Part of Timurid Invasion of Azerbaijan	Timurid dynasty	Qara Qoyunlu Chakhirlu	Defeat	Invasion repelled and Qara Qoyunly conquest of Whole Azerbaijan.
Battle of Jalalak Marpinchin (1359)	Afrasiyab dynasty	Mar'ashis	Defeat	Rise of Mir-i Buzurg and death of Kiya Afrasiyab.
Battle of Qarabagh (1469)	Timurid dynasty	Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat	Timurid loses the control of Azerbaiyan and any chance to reconquer Iran or Iraq.

Qara Qoyunlu (1374–1468)
Battle of Sardrud^[64] (1408)	Qara Qoyunlu Jalayirid Sultanate	Timurid dynasty	Victory	Miran Shah dies. Collapse of Timurid dinasty in Western Iran. Ahmad Jalayir captures Baghdad. Rise of Qara Yusuf from Iranian Azerbaijan.
Qara Qoyunlu invasion of Northern Iran^[65] (1409)	Qara Qoyunlu	Timurid dynasty	Defeat	Timurids expels invaders from Northern Iran.
Qara Qoyunlu conquest of Mardin^[66] (1409)	Qara Qoyunlu	Timurid dynasty Artuqids	Victory	Mardin is captured by the Qara Qoyunlu.
Qara Qoyunlu–Jalayirid War^[65]^[64] (1410–1411)	Qara Qoyunlu	Jalayirid Sultanate	Victory	Ahmad Jalayir is executed and forced to crown Pirbudag, son of Qara Yusuf, as Shah of Iran (giving legitimacy to the Qara Qoyunlu).
Battle of Chalagan (1412)	Qara Qoyunlu Karabakh	Kingdom of Georgia Princedom of Simsim^[67]^[68] Timurid dynasty Shirvanshahs Shaki	Victory	Shirvan is conquered by Qara Qoyunly Constantine I of Georgia dies.
Qara Qoyunly–Aq Qoyunlu war^[65]^[69] (1417–1418)	Qara Qoyunlu	Aq Qoyunlu Supported by: Mamluk Sultanate	Victory	Qara Osman fled to Aleppo.
Timurid-Qara Qoyunlu War (1420-1434)	Qara Qoyunlu	Timurid dynasty Aq Qoyunlu Local rebel forces in Azerbaiyan and Kurdistan	Stalemate	Iskandar is briefly depossed by Shah Rukh and Qara Qoyunlu loses territories, but avoid to be fully re-conquered by Timurids.
Qara Qoyunlu-Georgia War^[70] (1440–1444)	Qara Qoyunlu	Kingdom of Georgia	Stalemate	Tbilisi is sacked, but Jahan Shah returns without territorial gains.
Qara Qoyunlu 2nd conquest of Baghdad^[71] (1445–1447) Qara Qoyunlu-Aq Qoyunlu War of 1447	Qara Qoyunlu Supported by: Sheikh Hasan rebel forces	Arab Iraq rebels Supported by: Aq Qoyunlu Mamluk Sultanate	Victory	Jahan Shah depose Alvand Mirza.
Timurid–Qara Qoyunlu War^[72] (1454–1459) Babur Mirza's Invasion of Khorasan Siege of Samarkand (1454) Capture of Herat (1458) Battle of Sarakhs (1459)	Qara Qoyunlu	Timurids of Khorasan Timurids of Samarkand	Victory	Jahan Shah's conquest of Khorasan. Whole Eastern Iran is captured by the Qara Qoyunlu. Timurids are expelled to Transoxiana and the vassalage pact of Qara Qoyunlu to them is abolished.
Qara Qoyunly-Aq Qoyunlu war (1457–1469) Aq Qoyunlu conquest of Amid (1457) Qara Qoyunlu invasion of Eastern Anatolia (1466) Battle of Chapakchur (1467) Aq Qoyunlu conquest of Shiraz^[73] (1469)	Qara Qoyunlu	Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat (Regime Change)	Death of Jahan Shah, Mirza Yusuf and Rise of Aq Qoyunlu.
Revolt of Azerbaijan^[74] (1459)	Qara Qoyunlu	Hasan Ali rebel forces	Victory	Revolt Suppressed
Revolt of Fars and Shiraz^[75] (1464)	Qara Qoyunlu	Pir Budaq rebel forces	Victory	Revolt Suppressed Mirza Yusuf became governor of Fars province Pir Budaq is traslated to Bagdhad.
Revolt of Baghdad^[76] (1466)	Qara Qoyunlu	Pir Budaq rebel forces	Victory	Revolt Suppressed Pir Budaq is executed.
Battle of Chapakchur (1467)	Qara Qoyunlu	Aq Qoyunlu	Defeat	Fall of Qara Qoyunlu and end of Qara Qoyunlu–Aq Qoyunlu Wars.

Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1508)
Turkoman invasions of Georgia (1407–1502) part of Campaigns of Ismail I	Kara Koyunlu (1407–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1502)	Kingdom of Georgia Shirvanshah Safavid Empire (1502)	Victory	End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia
Campaign of Shirvan (1459–1460)	Aq Qoyunlu Safavid order	Shirvanshah	Defeat	Death of Shaykh Junayd.
Siege of Gerger (1464–1465)	Aq Qoyunlu Pazuki Kurds	Mamluk Sultanate	Victory	Harpoot conquered by Aq Qoyunlu.
Battle of Qarabagh (1469)	Aq Qoyunlu	Timurids	Victory	Decline of Timurids.
Aq Qoyunlu–Mamluk War (1470–1474)	Aq Qoyunlu Dulkadirids Pahlevanlu tribe	Mamluk Sultanate	Defeat	Decline of Aq Qoyunlu.
Aq Qoyunlu–Ottoman War (1473) Battle of Malatya Battle of Otlukbeli	Aq Qoyunlu Supported by: Karamanids Bey of Alaiye Republic of Venice Kingdom of Cyprus Knights Hospitaller	Ottoman Empire Supported by: Anatolian beyliks	Defeat	Rise of the Ottoman Empire in West Asia.
Battle of Khoy (1478)	Sultan Khalil's forces	Sultan Yaqub's forces	Defeat	Sultan Yaqub overthrow Sultan Khalil as Padishah
Revolts against Yaqub^[77] (1478–80)	Aq Qoyunlu	Bayandur princes Safavid order	Victory	Revolts suppressed
Battle of Urfa (1480)	Aq Qoyunlu	Mamluk Sultanate Pechenegs	Victory	Mamluk invasion is repelled.

Safavid Iran

Conflict	Iran (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)
Campaigns of Ismail I (1500–1510) Battle of Gulistan^[78] (or Cabanı)^[79] (1500) Siege of Baku^[80]^[81] (1501) Battle of Sharur (1501) Siege of Tabriz (1501) Capture of Erzincan and Erzurum^[82] (1502) Conquest of Armenia (1502) Turkoman invasions of Georgia (1502) Perso-Uzbek War (1502–10) Conquest of Fars (1503) Conquest of Persian Iraq (1503) Battle of Hamadan (1503) Capture of Kerman (1503) Capture of Nakhchivan (1503) Conquest of Mazanderan (1504) Conquest of Yazd (1503) Yazidi uprising (1506–10) Conquest of Diyarbakir (1507–08) Battle of Baghdad (1508)	Safavid Dynasty	Shirvanshah Aq Qoyunlu Uzbeks Kazakh Khanate Afrasiyab dynasty Yazidi rebels Khanate of Bukhara	Victory (Regime change)	Safavid Iran is established.
Persian-Uzbek Wars (1502–1598) Safavid conquest of Shirvan Battle of Marv part of Campaigns of Ismail I	Safavid Empire	Uzbeks Shaybanid Empire Khanate of Bukh Supported by: Kazakh Khanate	Victory	Fall of the Shaybanid Empire Persian conquest of Khorasan
Ottoman–Persian wars (1505–1517) 1st Trabzon Erzincan‍ 2nd Trabzon Şahkulu rebellion Nur Ali Khalifa rebellion Chaldiran Tabriz Urfa‍ Mesopotamia‍ Ovacık 2nd Diyarbakır Harput Sinjar‍ Kerh Koçhisar Mardin‍ Hasankeyf‍ Mosul Dvin‍	Safavid Iran Supported by: Mamluk Sultanate Pro-Safavid Kurds Qizilbashs	Ottoman Empire Supported by: Bohtan Principality of Bitlis Emirate of Hasankeyf Kingdom of Imereti (1517) Pro-Ottoman Kurds	Defeat	Eastern Anatolia and Northern Iraq ceded to the Ottomans. End of Shia uprisings in the Ottoman Empire
Kurdish-Yazidi uprising against the Safavids (1506–1510)	Safavid Empire	Yazidis	Victory	Uprising suppressed when the Yazidi leader, Shir Sarim, was defeated in the battle
Portuguese–Safavid wars (1507–1625) Portuguese conquest of Hormuz Battle of Reishahr Battle of Leitao Coast Safavid conquest of Bahrain Capture of Cambarão Anglo-Persian capture of Qeshm	Safavid Empire Imamate of Oman Supported by: British East India Company	Portuguese Empire Kingdom of Ormus Supported by: Spanish Empire (since 1580)	Victory	The Iranian military sought to punish the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf for the Iranians' grievances of Gambron, not only liberating the island of Hormuz but also forcing the Portuguese to withdraw to Mombasa in Kenya. Britain recognized Iran's sovereignty over the entire Persian Gulf.
Battle of Ghazdewan (1512)	Safavid Empire Mughal Empire	Khanate of Bukhara	Defeat	Uzbeks reconquerst of Transoxiana
Ismail I invasion of Georgia (1516–1522) Battle of Teleti	Safavid Empire Samtskhe-Saatabago rebels	Kingdom of Georgia Samtskhe-Saatabago	Stalemate	Initial Persian victories, putting vassal governors in Georgia. Then withdrawal after Ottoman intervention
Battle of Jam (1528)	Safavid Empire	Uzbeks	Victory	Safavids Empire defeated Uzbeks and reconquered Herat.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1523 (1532–1555), Part of Campaigns of Suleiman the Magnificent, French–Habsburg rivalry and Spanish–Ottoman wars	Safavid Empire Supported by: Habsburg monarchy Spanish Empire	Ottoman Empire Supported by: France	Defeat	Ottomans captured Lower Mesopotamia and Baghdad. First partition of the Caucasus between the Ottomans and Persians. Western Armenia and western Georgia falls in Ottoman hands, Eastern Armenia, eastern Georgia, Dagestan and the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan remain in Persian hands. A Habsburg–Persian alliance is consolidated in reaction to the Franco-Ottoman alliance.
Georgian-Safavid wars (1541–1659) Tahmasp I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns Battle of Garisi Battle of Digomi Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns Battle of Tsitsamuri Battle of Aghaiani Battle of Martqopi Battle of Marabda Bakhtrioni uprising	Safavid Empire	Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Stalemate	Persians subdue Georgian kingdoms as vassals of Safavids, but Georgians got restoration of its autonomy
Humayun campaign in Kandahar^[83] (1545–1555)	Mughal Empire (loyal to Humayun) Supported by: Safavid Empire	Mughal Empire (loyal to Kamran Mirza) Uzbek khanates Sur Empire Afghans	Stalemate	Humayun rebeled against Persian garrison and took Kandahar for himself, then ceded it to Safavids in 1554 and later retook it again. Humayun established his own empire and retook his rights as Mughal King after the Battle of Sirhind (1555).
Persian expedition to Kandahar^[84]^[85] (1558)	Safavid Empire	Mughal Empire	Victory	Kandahar is annexed to Safavid Iran. Start of Mughal–Persian rivalry.
Uzbek invasion of Khorasan (1578)	Safavid Empire	Shaybanids	Victory	Uzbeks withdrew from northeastern Iran and Persians refused to pay them tribute.
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1578 (1578–1590)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate	Defeat	Treaty of Constantinople (1590)
Siege of Firuzjah castle (1579)	Safavid Empire	Mar'ashis	Victory	Death of Mirza Khan and annexation of their domains to Safavid direct rule.
Khorasan Civil War (1580)	Safavid Government Mohammad Khodabanda royalist forces Taklu and Turkman local forces	Safavid opposition Abbas Mirza supporters Shamlu and Ustalju rebel coallition	Defeat	Rise of Abbas the Great.
Siege of Nishapur (1581)	Safavid Government Ustajlu local forces	Safavid opposition Shamlu rebels	Defeat	Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu (mentor of Abbas Mirza) deposes Morteza Qoli Khan Parnak Turkman and is confirmed as local ruler of Khorasan by Mohammad Khodabanda.
Siege of Torbat (1582)	Safavid Government	Safavid opposition	Defeat	Expansion of Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu and Abbas Mirza domains.
Rind-Lashari War (1582–1612)	Safavid Government Mughal Empire	Rind tribe Lashari tribe	Defeat	Rind tribe unify Balochistan after defeating Lashari and become de facto independent from Mughals and Safavids.
Battle of Tirpol (1583)	Safavid Government	Safavid opposition	Stalemate	Reconciliation between the two parties.
Qizilbash Civil War (1585)	Safavid Empire Shamlu local forces Supported by:Khanate of Bukhara	Ustajlu rebels	Defeat	Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu retires to Herat and Abbas Mirza is captured by Morteza Qoli Khan Parnak Turkman (who became local ruler of Mashhad)
Uzbek–Iranian War of 1588–89	Safavid Empire	Khanate of Bukhara	Defeat	Persian loss of Herat and death of Ali-Qoli Khan Shamlu.
Mughal expedition to Kandahar^[86]^[87] (1595)	Safavid Empire	Mughal Empire Supported by: Safavid renegades loyals to Rustam Mirza Safavi	Defeat	Kandahar is annexed to Mughal Empire. Anti-Safavid Migration of Iranians to India. Casus belli for the Mughal–Safavid war of 1622.
Battle of Herat (1598)	Safavid Empire	Shaybanids	Victory	Khorasan returned to Persians
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (First Stage) (1603–1612)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Nasuh Pasha (1612) Persian embassy to Europe (1609–1615)
Siege of Dimdim (1609–1610)	Safavid Empire	Emirate of Bradost	Victory	Uprising suppressed
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1603 (Second Stage) (1612–1618)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Serav (1618)
Capture of Ormuz (1622)	Safavid Empire British East India Company	Iberian Union Portuguese Empire Kingdom of Hormuz	Victory	Ormuz annexed to Persia
Mughal–Safavid War of 1622 (1622–1623)	Safavid Empire	Mughal Empire	Victory	Kandahar falls to Persia
Ottoman–Safavid War of 1623 (1623–1639)	Safavid Empire	Ottoman Empire	Defeat	Permanent partition of the Caucasus; western Georgia and Western Armenia go to the Ottomans, while Eastern Armenia, Dagestan, eastern and southern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remain under Persian rule. Ottomans decisively gain control of Mesopotamia.
Battle off Hormuz (1625) part of Dutch–Portuguese War	English East India Company Dutch East India Company Supported by: Safavid Persia	Portuguese Empire Estado da Índia	Draw	End of Portuguese influence on the Persian Gulf
Uzbek invasion of 1626	Safavid Empire	Khanate of Bukhara Uzbeks	Victory	Uzbek withdrawal.
Gharib Shah's Revolt (1629–1630) Uzbek invasion of 1630–1631	Safavid Empire aided by Qizilbash	Mazandaran and Gilan province aided by Uzbeks	Victory	Caspian Iran becomes a Khasah (Royal domain) and the local Sultanates are abolished to strengthen the Absolute monarchy.
Khan Ahmad Khan Ardalan revolt (1630)	Safavid Empire	Emirate of Ardalan Supported by: Ottoman Empire	Victory	Kurdish Revolt suppressed
Sher Khan revolt (1631)	Safavid Empire Pashtuns of Durrani	Pashtuns of Pushang Supported by: Mughal Empire	Victory	Afghan Revolt suppressed
Dervish Reza's rebellion in Qazvin (1632)	Safavid Empire	Dervish Supported by: Occultists	Victory	Ban of Esoteric interpretation of the Quran.
Davud Khan's rebellion in Karabakh (1632)	Safavid Empire	Caucasus States Georgians Circassians Armenians Supported by: Ottoman Empire	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Tahmurts of Kakheti revolts in Georgia (1632–1648)	Safavid Empire	Georgians loyals to Teimuraz I of Kakheti	Victory	Revolts suppressed
Capture of Julfar (1633) part of the Omani–Portuguese conflicts	Safavid Empire Portuguese Empire	Omani Empire	Defeat	Omanis captured the two forts on Ras Al Khaimah.
Uzbek invasion of 1634	Safavid Empire	Khanate of Bukhara Uzbeks Supported by: Ottoman Empire	Victory	Uzbek withdrawal and Abd al-Aziz Khan of Bukhara's properties are sacked by Persians.
Qandahar Cession (1638)	Safavid Empire Afghan loyalists Supported by: Anti-Mughal rebels	Ali Mardan Khan rebels Supported by: Mughal Empire	Defeat	Mughal Shah Jahan annex Qandahar
Mughal–Safavid war of 1649 (1649–1653)	Safavid Empire • Khanate of Bukhara	Mughal Empire Jaipur State	Victory	Persia recaptured Kandahar
Russo-Persian War of 1651 (1651–1653)	Safavid Empire	Russia	Victory	Russian fortress on the Iranian side of the Terek River destroyed, and its garrison expelled
Bakhtrioni uprising (1659)	Safavid Empire Turcoman tribes	Kingdom of Kakheti aided by Tushetians, Pshavs, Khevsurs	Inconclusive	Kakheti remained under Persian rule
Safavid occupation of Basra (1697–1701)	Safavid Empire	Ottoman Empire Basra Eyalet Eastern Arabs	Defeat	Safavids retreats from the Persian Gulf.
Balochi raids (1699–1710s)	Safavid Empire Kerman province Kandahar Province Kingdom of Kartli	Baloch people Pashtun tribes	Inconclusive	Death of George XI of Kartli, Kaikhosro of Kartli and Prince Alexander of Kartli. Brief rise of Mirwais Hotak and start of Hotaki-Safavid War.
Hotaki-Safavid War (1716–1722) Hootaki conquest of Kerman Battle of Gulnabad Siege of Isfahan	Safavid Empire	Hotaki dynasty Supported by: Afghans Balochis Zoroastrians	Defeat (Regime change)	Afghan control of most of Iran Rise of Nader Shah against Mahmud Hotak and then Ashraf Hotak.
1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain (1717)	Safavid Empire	Omani Empire Al Bin Ali mercenaries	Defeat	Persian loss of Bahrain
Sack of Shamakhi (1721)	Safavid Empire Kingdom of Kartli	Rebellious Sunni Lezgins	Defeat	The Shia population is massacred and the city, ransacked
Russo-Persian War of 1722 (1722–1723) part of Lekianoba	Safavid Empire Dagestan Hotaki dynasty	Russian Empire Cossack Hetmanate Kingdom of Kartli Melikdoms of Karabakh and Armenian rebels Co-belligerent: Ottoman Empire^[88]	Defeat	Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723): Russians capture Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran, and Astrabad for about a decade. Treaty of Constantinople (1724): Partition of Iran with the Ottomans, who receives Tiflis, Erevan, Ganja, Khoy, Quschi, Tasuj, Marand and Tabriz. Start of Ottoman-Hotaki War (1722-1727).
Hotaki dynasty's interruption (1722–1729)
Ottoman–Hotaki War (1722–1727)	Hotaki dynasty	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Hamedan Ottoman recognition of Ashraf Hotak as Shah of Persia, renouncing their attempts to restore the Safavid dynasty to the Iranian throne as an Ottoman vassal. Ottoman sovereignty over all the western and northwestern parts of Iran (including most of Tabriz, Hamadan, Kermanshah, Lorestan and most of the southern Caucasus) recognised by Hotakis.
Return of Safavids(Nader) (1726–1729) Khorasan campaign of Nader Shah Sabzevar expedition Herat campaign of 1729 Liberation of Isfahan	Hotaki dynasty Sadozai Sultanate of Herat Supported by: Ottoman Empire	Safavid Dynasty	Defeat (Regime change)	End of the Hotaki dynasty
Safavid Restoration (1729–1736)
Rebellion of Sheikh Ahmad Madani (1730)	Safavid Empire Nader's personal domains Supported by: English East India Company Dutch East India Company (VOC)	Forces Loyal to Sheikh Ahmad Madani Forces Loyal to Sheikh Jabbara Forces Loyal to Sheikh Rashid bin Sa'id of Basaidu Rebelling Arab tribes Hotak remnants and Afghan raiders	Victory	Revolt suppressed and reincorporation of Gulf Arabs to the empire
Battle of Zarghan (1730)	Safavid Empire	Hotaki dynasty	Victory	Afghans expelled from Iran (Persia)
Herat campaign of 1731 (1731)	Safavid Empire Afghan loyalists	Sadozai Sultanate of Herat Hotaki dynasty	Victory	Fall of Sadozai Sultanate of Herat
Ottoman-Safavid war of 1730 (Nader) (1730–1735) Western Persia campaign of 1730 Tahmasp's campaign of 1731 Nader Shah's Mesopotamian campaign Caucasus Campaign (1735)	Safavid Empire • Erivan Khanate	Ottoman Empire • Crimean Khanate Lezgins	Victory	Persian (Nader) reconquest of the entire Caucasus •Treaty of Constantinople and Treaty of Ganja
Mohammad Khan Baluch's Rebellion (1733–1734) part of Campaigns of Nader Shah	Safavid Empire	Forces loyal to Mohammad Khan Baloch	Victory	Southern Persia is re-annexed.

Transition from Safavid to Qajar

Conflict	Iran (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Siege of Kandahar (1737–1738)	Afsharid dynasty	Hotaki dynasty	Victory	End of the Hotaki dynasty
Afsharid conquest of the Persian Gulf & Oman (1738–1747)	Afsharid dynasty	Omani Empire Sultanate of Muscat Imamate of Oman Pirates	Victory	The Persian empire becomes the arbiter of the Persian Gulf until the collapse of the empire.
Nadir Shah's invasion of India (1738–1739) Khyber Pass Battle of Karnal Sack of Delhi Nader Shah's Sindh expedition	Afsharid dynasty	Mughal Empire Hyderabad Oudh	Victory	Persian plundering of India
Nader's Central Asian Campaign (1738–1740) Pitnak (1740) Bukhara (1740) Samarkand (1740)	Afsharid dynasty	Khanate of Bukhara Khanate of Khiva	Victory	Conquest of the Central Asian khanates
Nader's Dagestan campaign (1741–1745) Withdrawal through Andalal (1741)	Afsharid dynasty	Lezgins Avar Khanate (Avars) Mekhtuly Khanate Gazikumukh Khanate Elisu Sultanate Shaki Khanate	Victory	The Persian Empire annexes almost all of Dagestan.
Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46) (1743–1746)	Afsharid dynasty	Ottoman Empire	Stalemate	Treaty of Kerden, Status quo ante bellum
Moḥammad Taqi Khan Shirazi's Rebellion (1744)	Afsharid dynasty	Persian rebels	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Division of the Afsharid Empire (1747–1796) Civil War between Afsharid and Qajar 1st Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749–51) Battle of Kirkhbulakh 2nd Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55)	Afsharid dynasty Supported by: Khorasanies Iranian Azerbaijanis Iranian Nobility Kurds Qara Bayat Amirdom Khozeimeh Amirdom	Safavid dinasty Supported by: Kurds Arabs Turkics Jalayrids Zand dynasty Supported by: Western Iranians Qajar dynasty Supported by: Oghuz Turks Iranians Ulama Other war-lords and factions Durrani Empire Supported by: Afghans Khanate of Kalat Georgians Kartli-Kakheti Imereti Supported by: Russian Empire	Regime change	Adil Shah is deposed by his brother Ebrahim Afshar, who in turn is deposed by Shahrokh Shah (who also defeated Suleiman II's Safavid followers) and its Ashfarids domains are reduced to Khorasan and Eastern Iran. Karim Khan Zand gets the control of Western Iran (after deposing Ali Mardan Khan Bakhtiari, who conquered Isfahan) in the nominal name of Ismail III's Safavid followers. Then Mohammad Khan Qajar defeats Zands and Afsharids, becoming the Shah of Iran after re-unificating most of the realm. Ahmad Shah Durrani stablish the Durrani Empire and independizates Afghanistan from the Iranian realm. Treaty of Georgievsk between the separatist Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Russian Empire.

Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1749–51) Siege of Nishapur (1750–1751)	Afsharids Qara Bayat Amirdom	Durrani Empire	Inconclusive	Durrani retreat

Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754–55) Siege of Nishapur	Afsharids Qara Bayat Amirdom Qajar dynasty	Durrani Empire Khanate of Kalat	Defeat	Afghan dominance in the region
Zand dynasty (1751–1779)
Campaign against Azad Khan (1754–1762)	Zand dynasty	Azad Khan Afghan	Victory	Azad Khan's surrender
Bajalan uprising (1755)	Zand dynasty	Bajalan Tribe (Kurds)^[89] Bajalan Tribe^[90]	Victory	Uprising uppressed
Battle of Astarabad (1759)	Zand dynasty	Qajar Dynasty	Victory	Zand captures Astarabad.
Zand-Dutch War (1765)	Zand dynasty	Dutch colonial empire Dutch East India Company	Victory	Kharg Island reconquered by Persia and destruction of Fort Mosselstein
Ottoman-Persian War of 1775 (1775–1776)	Zand dynasty	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Persia captures Basra.
Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain (1782–1783)	Persia Bushehr	Sheikhdom of Kuwait Zubarah	Defeat	Al Khalifa annexes Bahrain into its sheikhdom.
Siege of Kerman (1794) Part of Qajar–Zand Wars	Zand dynasty	Qajar Dynasty	Defeat (Regime change)	Qajars conquer and sack Kerman.

Qajar Iran

Conflict	Iran (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Qajar dynasty (1785–1925)
Battle of Krtsanisi (1795)	Qajar Iran	Kartli-Kakheti Imereti	Victory	Tbilisi captured and sacked by Iranians. Persian reconquest of the Caucasus and Georgia. Then, for reunificating all Persian provinces, Agha Mohammad is formally crowned Shah in 1796 in the Mughan plain.^[91]
Persian Expedition (1796)	Qajar Iran	Russian Empire	Victory	Tactical Russian victory Strategic Persian victory Russian withdrawal after the death of Catherine II
Russo-Persian War of 1804 (1804–1813), Part of Napoleonic Wars and Russian conquest of the Caucasus	Qajar Iran Supported by: French Empire Ottoman Empire	Russian Empire Supported by: British Empire	Defeat	Treaty of Gulistan. Iran irrevocably cedes most of its Caucasus territories (Dagestan, Georgia, and most of the Azerbaijan Republic) to Russia. Start of Russian conquest of the Caucasus
Battle of Kafir Qala (1818) Part of Herati-Qajar Wars	Qajar Iran	Durrani Empire	Inconclusive	Both armies retreated
Ottoman–Persian War of 1821 (1821–1823)	Qajar Iran	Ottoman Empire	Victory	Treaty of Erzurum, status quo ante bellum
Russo-Persian War of 1826 (1826–1828)	Qajar Iran	Russian Empire	Defeat	Treaty of Turkmenchay. Iran irrevocably cedes its last Caucasus territories comprising parts of the contemporary nation of Azerbaijan that were not ceded in 1813, as well as all of what is the current Armenia.
Rawanduz Revolt (1829–1835)	Qajar Iran	Soran Emirate	Defeat	Qajar lose control of Iranian Kurdistan, which is the current Mukriyan region.
Siege of Herat (1837–1838) Part of Great Game	Qajar Iran Supported by: Russian Empire Principality of Qandahar	Emirate of Herat East India Company Supported by: British Empire Aimaq tribesmen Maimana Khanate Andkhui Khanate Sheberghan Khanate Sar-i Pul Khanate Bukhara Emirate Khiva Khanate^[92]	Defeat	Successful Persian siege at Herat; breach eventually repelled; temporary British occupation of Kharg Island; Persian withdrawal from Herat
First British occupation of Bushehr (1838)	Qajar Iran	British Empire	Victory	British expelled
Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar (1846–1850)	Qajar Iran Emirate of Herat	Forces Loyal to Hasan Khan Salar Turkmen tribesmen Shadlu Kurdish tribesmen	Victory	Khorasan is reincorporated.
Battle of Fort Tabarsi (1848–1849)	Qajar Iran	Bábís	Victory	Successful repression
Siege of Herat (1856)	Qajar Iran	Emirate of Herat Supported by: United Kingdom Afghanistan	Victory	Successful siege of Herat; continued occupation until Persia's compliance with the Treaty of Paris; installment of Sultan Ahmad Khan as puppet ruler of Herat
Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) Second British occupation of Bushehr	Qajar Iran	United Kingdom East India Company Afghanistan	Defeat	Persian force occupies and later withdraws from Herat. Treaty of Paris (1857) is signed
Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah (1879–1880)	Ottoman Empire Qajar Iran Supported by: Austria-Hungary Austro-Hungarian military mission in Persia	Kurdish tribes	Victory	Successful repression
Tobacco Protest (1890–1891)	Qajar Iran Limited support: British Empire	Iranian Protesters: Bazaari Ulama (Mullah and Marja') Limited support: Russian Empire	Defeat	Tobacco Régie is abolished.
Ottoman incursion into Persia^[93] (1905)	Sublime State of Persia	Ottoman Empire	Inconclusive	Increase of territorial conflicts between both empires.
Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) Russian Invasion of Tabriz	Qajar Iran Shahrbani Shahsevan Supported by: Russian Empire Persian Cossack Brigade	Iranian constitutionalists Parliament Supported by: Ottoman Empire Armenian Revolutionary Federation in Iran	Stalemate	Constitutional monarchy and Parliament Persian Constitution of 1906 Triumph of Tehran Russian occupation of northern Iran until 1917
Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)	Sublime State of Persia	Ottoman Empire Kurdish tribes	Defeat	Ottomans (with Kurdish allies) succes to invade Iranian Azerbaijan and Luristan, occupying Behik, Serdasht, Bani, Khanajin, Urmia, Gangachin, Mahabad, Khoy.
Revolt of Salar-al-Daulah (1911–1913)	Qajar Iran	Forces of Salar-al-Daulah	Victory	Rebellion suppressed
Swedish intervention in Persia (1911–1916) Shiraz expedition	Qajar Iran Sweden^[94]	Anti-Qajar insurgents	Victory	Anti-Qajar rebellions are suppressed. The Swedish government quits in 1916 due to its neutrality on World War I. However, Swedes volunteers continued to serve in the Persian Gendarmerie until 1921.
Revolt of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar^[95] (1911)	Sublime State of Persia	Forces of Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar Supported by: Russian Empire	Victory	The Shah is expelled against from the country.
Persian Campaign (1914–1918) Part of World War I	Qajar Iran Qashqai tribesmen Tangistani tribesmen Laristani tribesmen Jungle Movement	Entente Allies Russian Empire Armenian volunteer units British Empire British Raj Assyrian volunteers Central Powers Ottoman Empire Shekak tribesmen German Empire	Stalemate	Occupation of Iran by Anglo-Russian and Ottoman troops Ottoman withdrawal after signing of Armistice of Mudros Persian famine of 1917–1919
Jungle Movement insurrection on Gilan (1915–1921) Part of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War	Qajar Iran Persian Cossack Brigade Russian Empire (1915–1917) White movement (since 1920) British Empire North Persia Force	Jungle revolutionaries Persian Socialist Soviet Republic Supported by: Soviet Russia (since 1920) Soviet Caspian Flotilla	Victory	Revolt suppressed Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement forces the retreat of Bolsheviks from northern Iran.
Yarahmadzai uprising (1916–1934)	Qajar and Pahlavi Iran Supported by: British Empire British Raj	Yarahmadzai tribe Supported by: German Empire (until 1918)	Victory	Balochistan is pacified and partitioned between Iran and British India.
Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922) Lakestan incident Part of Assyrian genocide and Kurdish separatism in Iran	Qajar and Pahlavi Iran Assyrian levies^[96] Assyrian volunteers^[97]	Irregular Kurdish militias Supported by: Ottoman Empire	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Mohammad Khiabani's uprising (1920)	Qajar Iran Persian Cossack Brigade	Mohammad Khiabani's forces Azerbaijan rebels	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Pessian's Khorasan Revolt (1921)^[98]	Qajar Iran Irregular Kurdish militias Persian Cossack Brigade	Autonomous Government of Khorasan Khans of Khorasan	Victory	Revolt suppressed after the death of Mohammad Taqi Pessian
1921 Persian coup d'état (1921)	Qajar Iran Jangalis Simko Kurdish rebels Colonel Pesian's forces Supported by: Soviet Union	Persian Cossack Brigade Supported by: United Kingdom	Defeat (Regime change)	Power takeover by Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee Suppression of Colonel Pessian's revolt and dissolution of the Autonomous Government of Khorasan Dissolution of the Republic of Gilan Continuing conflict with Simko Shikak until 1922 Deterioration of Persian control over Sheikh Khazal's Emirate of Muhammara until 1925
Luri tribal insurgency in Pahlavi Iran (1921–1930)	Qajar and Pahlavi Iran	Luristan tribes Kurdish tribes	Victory	Luristan brought under direct Iranian state control
Sheikh Khazal rebellion (1922–1924)	Qajar and Pahlavi Iran	Sheikhdom of Mohammerah Bakhtiari tribesmen Arab separatists Supported by: United Kingdom	Victory	Rebellious Arab forces disbanded Bakhtiaris defeated Khazal arrested Sheikhdom of Mohammerah abolished Reza Khan re-established full control over the Emirate of Muhammara.
Turkoman Rebellion in Eastern Iran (1924–1926)^[99] (1924–1926)	Sublime State of Persia loyalist Kurdish tribes Quchan Kurds Supported by: United Kingdom	Turkmen rebels rebel Kurdish tribes Shadillu Kurds Supported by: Soviet Union^[100]	Victory	Rebellion suppressed and Soviet plans to stablish a Turkic protectorate are avoided.

Pahlavi Iran

Conflict	Iran (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)
Simko Shikak revolt (1926)	Iran Assyrian volunteers Assyrian levies	Irregular Kurdish militias Shikak tribesmen Herki tribesmen Begzadeh tribesmen	Victory	Revolt suppressed; Simko Shikak fled to Mandatory Iraq
Persian conquest of West Baluchistan^[101]^[102]^[103]^[104] (1928–1935) part of Yarahmadzai uprising	Iran	West Baluchistan	Victory	Iranian authority on West Bauchistan is reinforced-
Persian tribal uprisings of 1929 (1929–1933)	Iran	Rebel tribes Qashqai Khamseh Buyir Ahmadi Bakhtiari	Victory	Iranian government offered amnesties and most rebel leaders surrendered then. The rest gets a peace agreement.
Jafar Sultan revolt (1931)	Iran	Jafar Sultan's Kurdish rebels	Victory	Revolt suppressed
Goharshad Mosque rebellion (1935)	Iran	Bazaaris Shia clergy	Victory	Iranian government impose the Kashf-e hijab and other anticlerical reforms against the Shias to Westernize Iran. Further de-Islamization and continuation of claims by the clergy about heretical innovations in the government.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran (1941) Part of World War II	Iran Nazi Germany (Abwehr)	Soviet Union United Kingdom India Australia	Defeat	Abdication of Rezā Shāh, Allied occupation of Iran and expulsion of German intelligence in Iran.
Hama Rashid revolt (1941–1944)	Iran	Kurdish tribesmen	Victory	Hama Rashid driven into Iraq
Operation François (1943) Part of World War II	Iran Supported by: Soviet Union United Kingdom	Nazi Germany (Abwehr) Qashqai people	Victory	The Germans fail to instigate a nomadic rebellion in the Persian Corridor.
Khuzestan revolt^[105] (1943)	Iran	Khuzistan rebels Supported by: Arab nationalist	Victory	Revolt suppressed.
Iran Crisis of 1946 (1945–1946)	Iran	Mahabad Azerbaijan Supported by: Soviet Union	Victory	Dissolution of Mahabad and Azerbaijan
Abadan Crisis (1951–1954) Timeline of the Abadan Crisis 1952 Iranian Uprising 1953 Iranian coup d'état	Iranian State (Majlis) Supported by: Tudeh Party of Iran National Front (Iran)	United Kingdom British military network in Iran Supported by: United States Iranian opposition: House of Pahlavi Society of Muslim Warriors	Stalemate	Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case rejected Overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Nissho Maru Incident between Japan and United Kingdom.
First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970)	KDP Yazidis Assyrians Supported by: Iran^[106] Israel^[107] United States (alleged)^[108]	Before 1968: Republic of Iraq Syria (1963)^[109] After 1968: Ba'athist Iraq	Stalemate	Several Iraqi offensives intended to suppress the Kurdish rebellion fail. Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970 Arabization program continued
1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran (1967)	Iran	Revolutionary Committee leadership: KDP-I	Victory	Kurdish revolt suppressed:
Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–present) Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency	Pakistan Forces involved: Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Army (until 2008, again from 2024)^[110]^[111]^[112] Pakistan Air Force Pakistan Navy Special Forces: SSG SSW SSG-N Pakistan Marines Civil Armed Forces Frontier Corps^[113] Frontier Corps Balochistan (North) Frontier Corps Balochistan (South) Pakistan Coast Guards Pakistan Levies Frontier Constabulary Pakistan Police Balochistan Police Counter Terrorism Department Balochistan Levies Pakistani Intelligence community NACTA ISI MI FIA Iran^[114] Forces involved: Iranian Armed Forces Artesh (since 1979) Ground Forces Air Force Navy Special forces: NOHED Brigade 3rd Marine Brigade IRGC (since 1980) Ground Forces Aerospace Force Navy Basij Special forces: Saberin Takavar Brigade 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade Sepah Navy Special Force Iranian police Border Guard (since 2000) Ministry of Intelligence Imperial Iranian Army (until 1979)	Baloch separatist factions BLA Majeed Brigade Fateh Squad BLF Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar LeB (inactive) BLUF (2009–2010) BSO (Azad) (inactive) BNA (2022–2023) BRA (2006–2022) UBA (2013–2022) Other Baloch Separatist groups Sectarian factions Ansar Al-Furqan (since 2013) Jaysh al-Adl (since 2012) Harakat Ansar (2012–13) Hizbul-Furqan (2012–13)^[115] Jundallah (2003–12) Islamic State (since 2014)^[116] IS-KP (since 2015)^[117] IS-PP (since 2019)^[118]^[117] Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (since 2007) Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (1996-2024)^[119] Sipah-e-Sahaba (1985-2018)^[119] Supported by: India (to Baloch Nationalists only) Afghanistan (alleged, denied)	Ongoing	Ongoing Extension of the conflict into Iran^[120] Operation Azm-e-Istehkam continuous Low-level insurgency in intensifies
Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs (1971) Part of Unification of the United Arab Emirates	Iran	Emirate of Sharjah Emirate of Ras al-Khaimah	Victory	Iran captures Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, which started a territorial dispute. Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah joins the United Arab Emirates.
Dhofar Rebellion (1963–1979)^[121] Part of the Cold War and the Arab Cold War	Iran (since 1973) Oman United Kingdom Jordan	PFLOAG PFLO South Yemen	Victory	Defeat of insurgents, modernization of Oman
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)	KDP Yazidis Iran Supported by: Israel^[122] United States^[123]	Iraq Supported by: Soviet Union^[124]	Defeat	Peshmerga fighting ability destroyed Iran withdrew its support for KDP
Arvand Conflict (1974–1975)	Iran	Iraq	Victory	1975 Algiers Agreement Iran consolidates control over the Shatt al-Arab/Arvand Rud waterway Tensions between Iran and Iraq over the disputed waterway and border escalate into a full-scale war in 1980

Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)

Conflict	Iran (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Iranian Revolution (1978–1979) Part of the Constitutionalization attempts in Iran and the Cold War	Revolutionary Council Islamist Opposition Combatant Clergy Association Islamic Association of Students Islamic Association of Teachers Islamic Association of Engineers Islamic Association of Physicians Islamic Coalition Societies Fada'iyan-e Islam Mojahedin Liberal Democratic Opposition Freedom Movement of Iran National Front JAMA Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan Confederation of Iranian Students Leftist Opposition Mojahedin-e-Khalq Fadaiyan-e-Khalq Tudeh Party Sarbedaran Peykar Movement of Militant Muslims Razmandegan Worker's Way Komalah Union of Communist Militants	Imperial State of Iran Pro-Shah Groups Regency Council^[a] Rastakhiz Party (until 1 November 1978) Imperial Army^[b] Imperial Guard SAVAK Shahrbani Gendarmerie	Revolutionaries' victory	Revolutionaries' victory Overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the monarchy End of Pahlavi Iran Establishment of an Interim Government Constitution of the Islamic Republic replaced Persian Constitution of 1906 with referendum Ruhollah Khomeini becomes the Supreme Leader Iran hostage crisis Beginning of the Iran–Iraq War in 1980 Hijab for all women by law 1979 oil crisis Massive exile that characterizes a large portion of today's Iranian diaspora Islamic revival worldwide^[125] International sanctions against Iran Anti-Americanist regime change Iran designated state sponsor of terrorism Nojeh coup plot Start of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict The Islamic Republic of Iran cuts all ties with Israel, which would later evolve into the Iran–Israel proxy conflict
Aftermath of the Iranian Revolution (1979–1983^[126]) Part of the Cold War	Political: Islamic Republican Party Combatant Clergy Association Islamic Coalition Society Armed groups: Armed Forces Artesh (Army) IRGC Revolutionary Committees Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line	Political only: Freedom Movement National Front JAMA Movement of Militant Muslims Nation Party Muslim People's Republic Party National Democratic Front National Resistance Movement of Iran Pan-Iranist Party Azadegan Armed groups: MEK Tudeh Party Peykar Furqan NEQAB Union of Iranian Communists Union of Communist Militants Workers' Way Fedaian (majority) Fedaian (minority) Fedai Guerrillas Laborers' Party Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society Separatists: KDPI Komala DRFLA PFLA AFLA Iraq	Islamic Republican Party victory^[126]	Islamic Republican Party victory^[126] Ruhollah Khomeini consolidates power Referendum and establishment of Islamic Republic of Iran Iran hostage crisis and resignation of the Provisional Revolutionary Government Rebellions in Kordestan, Khuzestan, Khorasan and Baluchistan suppressed NEQAB coup d'état failed Impeachment and exile of Abolhassan Banisadr Crackdown on opposition and political opposition parties banned Implementation of the "Iranian Cultural Revolution" Hijab for all women by law Iran–Iraq War commences (and continues until 1988) Armed opposition largely marginalized; low-level insurgency continues
1979 Turkmen rebellion in Iran (1979) Part of the Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution	Iran	Iranian Turkmen rebels	Iranian victory	Uprising crushed.
1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran (1979–1996) Part of the Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution, Iran–Iraq War, and Kurdish separatism in Iran	Interim Government Islamic Republic of Iran (1980−83)	KDP-I Komala IPFG OIPFG (Minority)^[127]^[128] Sipay Rizgari Supported by: Iraq^[129]	Iranian victory	Iranian victory Iranian forces mostly diverted to the Iran–Iraq War front since late 1980 Pockets of KDPI resistance remained until 1996^[128]
1979 Khuzestan insurgency (1979) Part of the Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution and Arab separatism in Khuzestan	Interim Government Islamic Republic of Iran (From 6 November)	DRFLA APCO PFLA AFLA Supported by: Iraq^[130]	Iranian victory	Iranian victory Uprising quelled DRFLA siege of Iranian embassy in 1980
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) Part of the Cold War, the aftermath of the Iranian revolution, the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, the Assadist–Saddamist conflict and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran KDP PUK ISCI Islamic Dawa Party Hezbollah^[131] Shia volunteers from: Afghanistan^[132]^[133] Abuzar Brigade Iraq^[134] Badr Organization Lebanon^[135] Hezbollah Pakistan^[136] Tehreek-e-Jafaria (Pakistan) Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan Kuwait^[137] Bahrain^[137] India^[137]	Iraq DRFLA^[138]^[139] MEK NCRI PDKI^[140] Salvation Force^[141] Arab volunteers from: Egypt^[142] Jordan^[143]^[144]^[145] Morocco^[146] North Yemen^[147] Sudan^[148]^[149] Tunisia^[142]	Inconclusive^[c]	Inconclusive^[d] Status quo ante bellum^[e]
1982 Amol uprising (1982) Part of the Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution	Iran	Union of Iranian Communists	Victory	UIC leadership is dismantled.
KDPI–Komala conflict (1984−1991)	Iran	KDP-I Komala	Victory	Both armed forces debilitate and Iran maintain control of Iranian Kurdistan.
KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)	Iran	KDP-I	Victory	KDPI announces unilateral cease-fire in 1996.
Arab civil unrest and insurgency on Khuzestan (1999−2020) Part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran	ASMLA^[152] NLMA Ansar Al-Furqan^[153] Supported by: Iraq (until 2003) Saudi Arabia	Victory	Revolts suppressed
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) (until 2002) United States invasion of Afghanistan 2001 uprising in Herat Part of the war on terror	United States United Kingdom Northern Alliance Canada Italy Germany Australia New Zealand Iran (until 2002)	Taliban Haqqani Network Al-Qaeda 055 Brigade Foreign fighters	Victory	Fall of the Taliban government in Afghanistan Iran quits the coalition and forms the Axis of Resistance after the Axis of evil speech, ending its collaboration with the US coalition.
Third Balochistan Conflict (2004–present)^[154]	Pakistan Forces involved: Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Army (until 2008, again from 2024)^[110]^[111]^[112] Pakistan Air Force Pakistan Navy Special Forces: SSG SSW SSG-N Pakistan Marines Civil Armed Forces Frontier Corps^[113] Frontier Corps Balochistan (North) Frontier Corps Balochistan (South) Pakistan Coast Guards Pakistan Levies Frontier Constabulary Pakistan Police Balochistan Police Counter Terrorism Department Balochistan Levies Pakistani Intelligence community NACTA ISI MI FIA Iran^[114] Forces involved: Iranian Armed Forces Artesh (since 1979) Ground Forces Air Force Navy Special forces: NOHED Brigade 3rd Marine Brigade IRGC (since 1980) Ground Forces Aerospace Force Navy Basij Special forces: Saberin Takavar Brigade 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade Sepah Navy Special Force Iranian police Border Guard (since 2000) Ministry of Intelligence Imperial Iranian Army (until 1979)	Baloch separatist factions BLA Majeed Brigade Fateh Squad BLF Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar LeB (inactive) BLUF (2009–2010) BSO (Azad) (inactive) BNA (2022–2023) BRA (2006–2022) UBA (2013–2022) Other Baloch Separatist groups Sectarian factions Ansar Al-Furqan (since 2013) Jaysh al-Adl (since 2012) Harakat Ansar (2012–13) Hizbul-Furqan (2012–13)^[115] Jundallah (2003–12) Islamic State (since 2014)^[116] IS-KP (since 2015)^[117] IS-PP (since 2019)^[118]^[117] Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (since 2007) Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (1996–2024)^[119] Sipah-e-Sahaba (1985–2018)^[119]	Ongoing^[155]^[156]	Extension of the conflict into Iran^[157] Operation Azm-e-Istehkam continuous in Pakistan
Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)	Iran Iranian Armed Forces Artesh (since 1979) Ground Forces Air Force Navy Special forces: NOHED Brigade 3rd Marine Brigade IRGC (since 1980) Ground Forces Aerospace Force Navy Basij Special forces: Saberin Takavar Brigade 110th Salman Farsi Special Operations Brigade Sepah Navy Special Force Iranian police Border Guard (since 2000) Ministry of Intelligence Imperial Iranian Army (until 1979)	Current: Jaish ul-Adl (2013–present) Ansar Al-Furqan (2013–present) BLA^[121] BLF^[121] Former: Jundallah (2004–2011) Harakat Ansar (2012–2013)	Ongoing	Ongoing insurgency
Iran–PJAK Conflict (2004–present)	Iran Turkey	PJAK	Ongoing	PJAK withdraws from Iranian territory
2006 Lebanon War (2006) Part of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the war on terror	Hezbollah Amal Movement^[158] Lebanese Communist Party^[159] Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command^[160] Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon Supported by: Iran^[161] Ba'athist Syria	Israel	Inconclusive	Israel occupies Ghajar until present
Afghanistan–Iran border skirmishes (2007–2023) 2009 Afghanistan–Iran clash 2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes 2023 Afghanistan–Iran clash part of Afghan conflict	Iran	Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan	Stalemate	Status quo ante bellum
Syrian Civil War (2013–2024) Iranian intervention in Syria Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict and War against the Islamic State	Iran Ba'athist Syria (2011–2024) Hezbollah Russia	Free Syrian Army Islamic Front Supported By: Turkey Saudi Arabia Qatar al-Nusra Front Islamic State Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Israel	Defeat	Islamic State in Syria defeated near the end of 2017. Assad regime falls and Iranian forces withdraw after 2024 Syrian opposition offensives. Beginning of resistance by SSNP and allies against Israel after the occupation of Quneitra Governorate.
War in Iraq (2013–2017) Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present) part of War against the Islamic State	Iraq Peshmerga Iran Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Badr Organization Hezbollah Kata'ib Hezbollah Kata'ib al-Imam Ali Kataib Rouh Allah Issa Ibn Miriam United States	Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant Naqshbandi Army	Victory	Iraqi government and allied victory against ISIL Iran played a significant role in this victory. End of ISIL territorial control in Iraq; ongoing ISIL insurgency
Yemeni civil war (2014–present) Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Hezbollah–Israel conflict	Supreme Political Council (formerly SRC) Houthis GPC (pro-Houthi) Saleh loyalists (until 2017) Pro-Houthi Popular Committees^[162] Sanaa-GPC forces^[163] Supported by: Iran^[164]^[165] Hezbollah^[166] Ba'athist Syria (until 2024)^[167] Qatar^[168] North Korea^[169]	Republic of Yemen (internationally-recognized; led by the PLC since 2022) Yemeni Armed Forces Republican Guard GPC STC (2022–present)^[f] United Arab Emirates^[170] National Resistance (2017–present)^[171]^[172]^[173] Tihamah Resistance^[173] Giants Brigades^[174]^[175] Hadhramaut Tribal Alliance^[176] Al-Islah Bani Dhabyan^[177] Saleh loyalists (2017–present)^[178]^[179] Popular Resistance^[180] Popular Committees Saudi-led coalition Saudi Arabia^[181] United Arab Emirates^[182]^[183] Sudan Senegal^[184] Morocco^[185] (2015–19)^[186] Qatar (2015–17)^[187] Kuwait Bahrain Academi security guards (2015–16) Janjaweed (2019-2023)^[188] STC (2017–2022)^[189] United Arab Emirates^[190]^[191]^[192] Al-Qaeda and allies^[193] AQAP^[194] Ansar al-Sharia^[195]^[196] Council of Scholars of Ahl al-Sunna wal-Jama'ah^[197]^[198] Hadhrami Domestic council^[199]^[196]^[200] Dhi Na'im tribe^[199] Al-Hamiqan tribe^[199] Islamic State Yemen Province	Ongoing	Ceasefire since 2 April 2022 with some periodic clashes Iranian support for the Houthis is consolidated.
War on ISIS (2014–ongoing) Iran-Islamic State conflict	Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan Free Syrian Army Rojava United States United Kingdom Jordan Turkey Saudi Arabia Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates Morocco Australia Belgium Canada France Germany Denmark Norway Russia Iran	Islamic State al-Nusra Front Khorasan	Ongoing	Successful repression against ISIS guerrilla warfare. Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition is formed.
Western Iran clashes (2016–present) Part of Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran	PDKI PJAK Komala PAK Khebat	Ongoing	Restart of armed resistance against the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, eastern Kurdistan has not yet become a Kurdish state.
Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) Part of Iraqi conflict	Iraq Pro-Government Tribes (ar)^[201] Rojava (cross-border cooperation since May 2018)^[202] Supported by: CJTF-OIR (until 2021) United States United Kingdom France Iran^[203] Russia Kurdistan Region Peshmerga Supported by: Netherlands^[204]	Islamic State White Flags	Ongoing	Continue of the conflict against Islamic State 2019–2021 Iraqi protests against Iranian influence Clashes between US and Iran and allies due to
2019–2021 Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021) May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone Abqaiq–Khurais attack 2019 K-1 Air Base attack December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad Assassination of Qasem Soleimani Operation Martyr Soleimani 2020 Camp Taji attacks Part of US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021), US intervention in the Syrian civil war and war on terror	Iran Supported by: Iraq Ba'athist Syria Houthis	United States Supported by: Saudi Arabia Israel United Kingdom	Inconclusive	2019–2020 Iranian protests. Funeral of Qasem Soleimani. American withdrawal from Iraqi conflict.
Gaza war (2023–present) 2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashes 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Red Sea crisis Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present) Part of Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) and Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Hamas Iran (until 2025) Supported by: Axis of Resistance: Ba'athist Syria (until 2024) Houthis^[205] Hezbollah^[206]^[207] Islamic Resistance in Iraq^[208] Badr Organization^[206] True Promise Corps^[206]	Israel Supported by: United States^[209] United Kingdom^[209] France^[210] Only intelligence support: Saudi Arabia^[211]^[212] United Arab Emirates^[211]^[212]	Ongoing	Iranian proxy groups initiate offensives against US military bases. Hamas is severely weakened.^[213] Entire leadership of Hezbollah wiped off and the organization is severely contained with a lot of their arms and military assets destroyed or dismantled.^[214] Economic and military loss to Houthi with both their ports and airport destroyed. The pro-Iranian government of Syria is overthrown and is replaced by Ahmad al-Sharaa
Iran–Israel war (2025) United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites part of Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)	Iran Houthi movement^[215]^[216] Supported by: Hamas^[217] Hezbollah^[217] Islamic Resistance in Iraq^[218]^[219]	Israel United States^[220] Supported by: France^[221] Iranian opposition^[222]^[223] Only defensive support: Jordan^[224] Saudi Arabia^[225] Qatar^[226] Iraq^[227]	Ceasefire	Ceasefire was mediated by the United States and Qatar. Suspension of 2025 Iran-United States negotiations. Houthis increase their hostility to Israel^[228] and USA.^[229] Iranian opposition to the Ayatollah Ali Khameini increase,^[230]^[231] also against Zionist and American agressions.^[232]^[233]^[234] Iran nuclear sites destroyed which was one of the main objective of Israel.^[235]

Minor conflicts, proxy wars, military incidents and alleged interventions

Conflict	Iran (and allies)	Opponents	Results	Notes
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon (1968–1982) Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Lebanese Civil War, and the Arab Cold War	Palestine Liberation Organization Syria Lebanese National Movement Lebanese National Resistance Front Supported by: Soviet Union^[236] People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran^[237]^[238] (1979-1980)	Israel South Lebanon Army Lebanese Forces	Defeat	Beginning of the South Lebanon conflict Mohammad Montazeri (son of Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri) and Mehdi Hashemi creates Liberation Movements Unit to Export revolution in the Levant. Factional conflicts, as different Iranian factions promoted Hezbollah or Amal.
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (11 February 1979–present) 1979 Qatif Uprising 1987 Mecca incident Houthi insurgency Operation Scorched Earth Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war 2015 Mina stampede 2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran 2017–2020 Qatif unrest 2019 Afif attack part of the post–Cold War era, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, Iran–Turkey proxy conflict, and Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict	Iran Proxies:^[263] Hezbollah Al-Hejaz^[239] Syrian Popular Resistance (since 2024)^[240] OIRAP^[241](1979–1988)^[242] Liwa Fatemiyoun^[243] Houthis^[244] Syria (until 2024)^[245]^[246] Popular Mobilization Forces^[247]^[248]^[249] Al-Ashtar Brigades^[250] Al-Mukhtar Brigades^[251] Hezbollah^[252]^[253] Hamas^[254]^[255] Hüseynçilər^[256] Muslim Brotherhood^[257]^[258] Liwa Zainebiyoun^[259]^[260] IMN^[261] Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan^[262]	Saudi Arabia Proxies: FSA (until 2017)^[264]^[246] Syria (since 2024) KDPI^[265]^[266] Jaish ul-Adl^[267] PJAK^[268] Komala^[268] LNA^[269]^[270]^[271] ANR^[272] ASMLA^[273] PNA^[274] PAK^[275] Yemen^[276] JRTN (from 2006)^[277]^[278]^[279] LF^[280]^[281] MEK^[282]^[283]^[274]^[284] Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan	Ongoing	Ongoing February 2019 Warsaw Conference Formation of an Arab–Israeli alliance and the Axis of Resistance.
Assadist–Saddamist conflict (22 July 1979–2024) part of the Arab Cold War (until 1990), Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (until 1990), Iraq–Syria relations, and Shia–Sunni conflict (until 1990)	Assadists Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) Ba'ath Party – Syria Region Assadists in Iraq Al-Awda (alleged) Assadists in other Arab states Ba'athist Syria (until 2024) Syrian Popular Resistance (from 2024) Supported by: Iran Hezbollah Iraq (from 2004) Popular Mobilization Forces Badr Organization ISCI Iraqi Shia militias Dawa Kurdistan Region/Peshmerga KDP PUK Libya (until 1987) North Korea Soviet Union^[285]^[286] (until 1991) Russia (from 2000s) PLO (factions) SSNP DFLP Houthis (until 2023)^[287] South Yemen^[288]^[289]^[290] (until 1990)	Saddamists Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region Saddamists in Syria^[291] Saddamists in other Arab states Ba'athist Iraq (until 2003) JRTN (from 2006) Supported by: MEK^[292] (until 2003) United States (until 1990) United Kingdom (until 1990) West Germany^[293]^[294]^[295] (until 1990) Italy^[296] (until 1990) Egypt^[297] (until 1990) Saudi Arabia (until 1990) Kuwait (until 1990) Jordan France Libya (from 1990s, limited legal support^[298]) Soviet Union (until 1991) North Yemen (until 1990) Lebanese Forces (from 1980)^[299] Muslim Brotherhood in Syria Free Syrian Army PLO (factions)	Inconclusive	Inconclusive Saddamists ousted from power in Iraq in 2003 Assadists ousted from power in Syria in 2024
Qatif conflict (1979–2023) part of the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Anti-Shia discrimination in Saudi Arabia, Arab Spring and the Shia-Sunni conflict	Iran-backed Shia militants (1980s–1990s)^[300] Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula (1979–91)^[300] Hezbollah Al-Hejaz (1987–2023; mostly inactive from 1990s)^[301] Saudi Shia civilians	Saudi Arabian Government Saudi Arabian National Guard Presidency of State Security Saudi Police	Stalemate	Conflict ended^[302]
Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) Foreign involvement in the Soviet–Afghan War 1982 Harmak incident Part of Afghan conflict and the Cold War in Asia	Afghan Mujahideen Shia militias and Hazaras Tehran Eight Supported by: Iran^[303]	Soviet Union Afghanistan	Victory	Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Iran backed Hezbe Wahdat is formated.^[304] Increasement of Afghans in Iran as refugees.
Iranian Embassy siege (1980)	Iran United Kingdom	Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan (DRFLA)	Victory	Embassy recaptured after six-day siege
Tanker War (1981−1988) Action of June 5, 1984 Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Praying Mantis part of Iran–Iraq War	Iran Supported by: Pakistan^[305]^[306]	Iraq Supported by: United States Saudi Arabia Kuwait	Inconclusive	UNSCR 598
Multinational Force in Lebanon (1982–1984) Part of Lebanese Civil War	Islamic Jihad Organization Iran Ba'athist Syria Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement	United States France Italy United Kingdom	Stalemate	Syrian Allied victory^[307] Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias^[308] Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization Humanitarian crisis in southern Lebanon Civil war continues until 1990 President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country
Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) Part of Sudanese Civil Wars	Sudan Armed Forces PDF Army of Peace Muraheleen Ex-FAR and Interahamwe^[309] SSDF SPLA dissidents SPLA-Nasir SPLA-United^[310] SSIM/A Nuer White Army Ugandan insurgents: LRA^[311] WNBF^[312] UNRF (II)^[312] Zaire (1994–1997)^[313]^[314] al-Qaeda (1991–1996)^[315]^[316] Iraq^[g] China^[h] Combat aid: Libya (1986–1991)^[320]^[321] DR Congo (1998–2003) Non-combat aid: Iran^[322] Belarus (from 1996)^[323]^[324]	SPLA SPLA-Mainstream^[310] SPLA-Agar SPDF ALF Titweng^[325] SSLM NDA Sudanese Alliance Forces^[326] Anyanya II Eastern Coalition Derg (until 1987)^[327] PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)^[327] FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998)^[316] Eritrea (1996–1998, 2002–2005)^[328] Uganda (from 1993)^[329]^[330] Non-combat aid: Libya (1983–1985)^[331]^[332] Israel^[333] Cuba (until 1991)^[334]	Stalemate	Comprehensive Peace Agreement
1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq Part of Iran–Iraq War and Iraqi–Kurdish conflict	KDP Supported by: Iran PUK Kurdish mujahideen	Iraq	Stalemate	Long term Kurdish tactical failure
Iran–Israel proxy conflicts (1985^[335]−present) Hezbollah–Israel conflict Karine A affair Francop Affair 2009 Sudan airstrikes Victoria Affair 2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war Operation Full Disclosure Operation Northern Shield 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 2022 Erbil missile attacks 2023 Iran drone attacks 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria part of the post–Cold War era, the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, and the Iran–Turkey proxy conflict	Iran Proxies: Hezbollah^[336] Hamas^[337]^[338] (2006–2011; 2017–present) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (2013–present)^[339]^[340] Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)^[341]^[342] Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP–GC)^[343] (2013–present) Sabireen Movement (until 2019)^[344] Houthis^[345] / Popular Mobilization Units^[346] National Defence Forces^[347]^[348] (until 2024) Islamic Resistance in Iraq Liwa Fatemiyoun^[349] Husseiniyoun^[350] Liwa Zainebiyoun Al-Ashtar Brigades^[351] Support: Syria (until 2024)	Israel Proxies: South Lebanon Army (until 2000) Fursan al-Joulan (2013–19)^[352]^[353]^[354] Popular Forces of Palestine^[355] (2024–) Support: United States United Kingdom (Operation Iron Shield only)^[209] France (Operation Iron Shield only)^[210]	Ongoing	Ongoing Iran reinforces Syria and Hezbollah Iranian support for Hamas is consolidated Israel tries to prevent weapon transfers to Hezbollah 2006 Lebanon War ends in military stalemate and Israeli withdrawal Beginning of the ongoing Gaza–Israel conflict in June 2006 Israel tries to stop the Iranian nuclear program^[356] Iran grows major spheres of influence in the Middle East^[357] Formation of the Arab–Israeli alliance and the Abraham Accords Iran provides munitions to Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in the Gaza Strip Escalation to a direct conflict between the two countries in 2024 and 2025
1991 Iraqi uprisings Part of the aftermath of the Gulf War	Shia and leftist elements of opposition: SCIRI/Badr Brigades Dawa Communist Party Pro-Syrian Ba'athists Army deserters/defectors Kurdish rebels: Peshmerga: KDP PUK IMK CPK Jash deserters/defectors PDKI Diplomatic Support: United States^[358] Military Support: Iran^[359]	Ba'athist Iraq Ba'ath Party Iraqi Army Republican Guard Special Republican Guard Popular Army General Security Intelligence Service Special Security Support: MEK	Iraqi government military victory	Iraqi government military victory Establishment of Kurdistan Region, facilitated by the imposition of the Iraqi no-fly zones by United States, United Kingdom and France Iraqi Kurdish gets Kurdistan Region
Bosnian War (1992–1995) Part of Yugoslav Wars	Bosnia and Herzegovina Military Support: Iran (alleged) Quds Force^[360]^[361]^[362] Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia	Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina SFR Yugoslavia (until 1992) Western Bosnia	Stalemate	Breakup of Yugoslavia International recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a sovereign state. Republika Srpska federates with Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Algerian Civil War (1992–2002) part of Arab Cold War and Algeria–Morocco rivalry	Islamic Salvation Front loyalists Morocco ^[363]^[364]^[365] Libya (until 1995)^[363] Saudi Arabia (pre-war)^[366] Saudi private donors^[366] Armed Islamic Group (from 1993) Minor involvement: Sudan (alleged)^[367]^[368]^[369] Iran (alleged)^[366]^[367]^[368]^[369] Egyptian Islamic Jihad (until 1995)^[370] Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (from 1998) Minor involvement: Al-Qaeda^[367]	Government of Algeria Minor involvement: Egypt^[371]^[363] Tunisia^[371]^[363] France^[363]^[366] European Union^[366] South Africa^[372]	Defeat	Algerian Government victory over the islamists.
Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) part of the post-Soviet conflicts and spillover of the Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)	United Tajik Opposition Islamic Renaissance Party Tajik Democratic Party Party of People's Unity Rastokhez Popular Movement Lali Badakhshan Afghanistan (until 1996) Jamiat-e Islami (until 1996)^[373] Supported by: al-Qaeda^[374] Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Taliban Iran (alleged, denied by Iran)^[375]^[376]^[377]^[378]	/ Tajikistan Popular Front of Tajikistan^[379] Communist Party of Tajikistan Socialist Party of Tajikistan / Russia Uzbekistan / Kazakhstan / Kyrgyzstan Supported by: Belarus^[380] (weapons supplies) UNMOT Austria Bangladesh Bulgaria Czech Republic Denmark Ghana Hungary Indonesia Jordan Nepal Nigeria Poland Switzerland Ukraine Uruguay	Defeat	Armistice
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997) Part of Iraqi–Kurdish conflict	PUK PKK^[381] SCIRI KCP Iraqi National Congress Supported by: Iran (from 1995) Syria United States (1996)	KDP PDKI Supported by: Iraq (from 1995) Turkey (from 1997) Iran (before 1995)	Stalemate	Washington Agreement PKK moved to Qandil mountains from Bekaa Valle
1999 Shia uprising in Iraq Part of Prelude to the Iraq war	Rebels: SCIRI / Badr Dawa^[382] Supported by: Iran^[383]	Ba'athist Iraq	Defeat	Saddamist victory.
War in Darfur (2003–2020) Part of Sudanese Civil Wars and Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile	Sudan SAF Janjaweed RSF Chadian rebel groups^[384] Anti-Gaddafi forces (2011)^[385] Supported by: Libya (2011–2020)^[386] China^[387] Iran (until 2016)^[388] Russia^[389] Belarus^[390] Syria (2000s, alleged)^[391]	SRF^[i] (2006–2020) JEM (2003–2020) SLA (some factions) (2003–2020) LJM (2010–11)^[j] SLA (some factions) SARC (2014–2020) SLFA (2017–2020)^[393] SLA-Unity SLMJ JEM (Jali) Supported by: South Sudan^[394] Chad (2005–2010)^[395] Eritrea (until 2008)^[396] Libya (until 2011)^[397] Uganda (until 2015)^[398] UNAMID (2007–2020)	Stalemate	Iran–Sudan relations improves against Western Bloc until breaking out in 2016 due to Sudanese intervention in the Yemeni civil war against Houthis. Darfur Peace Agreement and South Sudan independence referendum.
Iraqi insurgency (2003-2011) Iranian involvement in the Iraq War United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil Karbala provincial headquarters raid part of the Iraq War	United States United Kingdom MNF–I (2003–09) United States (2003–09) United Kingdom (2003–09) Australia (2003–09) Romania (2003–09) Azerbaijan (2003–08) Kuwait (2003–08) Estonia (2003–09) El Salvador (2003–09) Bulgaria (2003–08) Moldova (2003–08) Albania (2003–08) Ukraine (2003–08) Denmark (2003–08) Czech Republic (2003–08) South Korea (2003–08) Singapore (2003–08) Croatia (2003–08) Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003–08) Republic of Macedonia (2003–08) Latvia (2003–08) Poland (2003–08) Kazakhstan (2003–08) Mongolia (2003–08) Georgia (2003–08) Tonga (2004–08) Japan (2004–08) Armenia (2005–08) Slovakia (2003–07) Lithuania (2003–07) Italy (2003–06) Norway (2003–06) Hungary (2003–05) Netherlands (2003–05) Portugal (2003–05) New Zealand (2003–04) Thailand (2003–04) Philippines (2003–04) Honduras (2003–04) Dominican Republic (2003–04) Spain (2003–04) Nicaragua (2003–04) Iceland (2003–unknown) New Iraqi government Iraqi Armed Forces Iraqi Police Iraqi Kurdistan Peshmerga Sons of Iraq Badr Organization Supported by: Iran^[399]^[400] Artesh Quds Force NATO NATO Training Mission – Iraq Israel^[401]^[402]^[403] United Nations United Nations Security Council United Nations Secretariat United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq	Ba'ath Party loyalists Fedayeen Saddam (2003 Only) Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation (from 2007) Naqshbandi Army (from 2006) Supported by: Syria^[404] Sunni insurgents Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–06) Islamic State of Iraq^[405] (from 2006) Islamic Army in Iraq Ansar al-Sunnah (2003–07) Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army other smaller groups Several Sunni Tribes Shia insurgents Mahdi Army (2003–2008) Special Groups Kata'ib Hezbollah Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq Promised Day Brigades (from 2008) other smaller groups Several Shia Tribes Supported by: Iran^[399]^[406] Iranian Army Quds Force	Inconclusive	Inconclusive 2003–2006 insurgency phase deteriorates into 2006–2008 civil war 20,000+ additional American soldiers deployed to Iraq to quell violence in troop surge of 2007 Coalition failure to defeat Iraqi insurgency^[407]^[408]^[409]^[410] End of American military presence in Iraq with 2007–2011 withdrawal Continued Iraqi conflict
Houthi insurgency (2004–2014) Operation Scorched Earth part of the Yemeni crisis and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Houthi Movement Yemen (pro-Saleh forces) Alleged support by: Iran^[411]^[412] North Korea^[413]^[414]^[415] Libya (until 2011)^[416]	Yemen Security Forces Sunni tribes^[417] Al-Islah militias Saudi Arabia Supported by: Jordan^[418] Morocco^[419] al-Qaeda Ansar al-Sharia^[420]	Houthi victory	Houthi victory Conflict escalates into a full-scale civil war with the Yemeni government and foreign intervention^[421] Houthi rebels take over Sa'dah^[422] and establish an independent administration in Sa'dah Governorate and parts of 'Amran, Al Jawf and Hajjah.^[423] Houthis take control of Sanaa^[424]^[425] Yemeni government under President Hadi relocated from Sanaa to Aden Iran-Morocco relations diplomatic relations are severed.
2004 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel (2004)	Navy of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Iranian Border Guard Command	British Royal Navy	Victory	Victory British naval personnel arrested 3 patrol boats seized
2005 Ahvaz unrest (2005) part of Arab separatism in Khuzestan	Iranian Government	Iranian Arabs	Victory	Unrest quelled
U.S. raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil (2007) part of Iraq War	Iran Iraqi Kurdistan	United States	Defeat	Iranian diplomats captured by the US Iranian retaliatory raids against the US
2007 Iranian arrest of Royal Navy personnel (2007)	Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Border Guard Command	Royal Navy	Victory	Two British boats seized 15 Royal Navy personnel captured
Iranian Anti-piracy measures in Somalia^[426]^[427] (2008–present) part of Piracy in Somalia, war on terror and Somali Civil War	Somalia UN Iran China India Russia Arab League Israel NATO European Union Japan South Korea SADC	Somali pirates	Ongoing	Ongoing
Somali Civil War (2009–present)	Al-Qaeda and allies Al-Shabaab AQAP AQIM Hizbul Islam (until 2010; 2012–2013) Alleged state allies: Eritrea^[428] Iran^[429] Quds Force^[430] Qatar^[431] Alleged non-state allies: Houthis^[432]^[433] Somali pirates^[434] Islamic State (since 2015)^[435]^[436] Somalia Wilayah Allies IS-YP^[437] Somali pirates^[434]	Somalia Somali Armed Forces^[438] Regional forces: Galmudug Galmudug Security Force Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a (until 2018)^[439] Ma'awisley^[440] Hirshabelle Khatumo Southwestern Somalia Himan and Heeb (until 2015) United States^[438]^[441]^[442] U.S. Army U.S. Marine Corps U.S. Air Force U.S. Navy CIA AFRICOM China^[443]^[444] People's Armed Police Turkey^[445]^[446] Turkish Land Forces AUSSOM (2025–present)^[438] Burundi (under discussion) Djibouti Egypt (under discussion) Ethiopia Kenya Uganda ATMIS (2022–2024)^[438] Burundi Djibouti Ethiopia Kenya Uganda AMISOM (2007–2022)^[438] Burundi Djibouti Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Nigeria Sierra Leone Uganda Supported by: France^[447] Italy^[448] Russia^[449]^[450] UAE^[451] United Kingdom^[452] Non-combat support: European Union^[453] EUTM Somalia UNPOS (1995–2013) UNSOM (2013–2024) Brazil Finland Germany Ghana India Indonesia Nepal Sierra Leone Sweden Thailand Turkey Uganda United Kingdom Zimbabwe UNTMIS (2025–present) UNSOA (2009–2016) UNSOS (2016–present) Council for Somalia's Future Puntland Puntland Security Force Puntland Dervish Force Puntland Maritime Police Force Jubaland Jubaland Dervish Force Raskamboni Movement Somaliland Somaliland Armed Forces SSB^[454]^[455] Alleged support: Ethiopia^[456] United Arab Emirates^[457]	Ongoing	Ongoing
Insurgency in Bahrain (2011–present) part of 2011 Bahraini uprising and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Bahraini opposition Supported by: Iran	Bahrain Supported by: Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates	Ongoing	Ongoing
Iran–Turkey proxy conflict (2011–present) Kurdish Hezbollah insurgency 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria Operation Claw-Sword 2021 Shia militia attacks on Turkey part of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict	Iran Proxies Kurdistan Workers' Party PUK Kurdish Hezbollah Sinjar Alliance Hezbollah Popular Mobilization Forces Islamic Resistance in Iraq Houthi movement Husayniyun Libyan House of Representatives (sometimes) Muslim Brotherhood (sometimes)^[458] Hamas (Axis of Resistance) Support Armenia Russia Syria (until 2024) Iraq (sometimes) Rojava (sometimes)^[459] India (sometimes)	Turkey Proxies Syrian National Army Government of National Accord Libyan House of Representatives (sometimes)^[460]^[461] Presidential Leadership Council GAMOH AMDT JAMAH Iraqi Turkmen Front National Council of Resistance of Iran KDP KDPI (1993–1995) Komala (1993–1995) Muslim Brotherhood (sometimes) Hamas (sometimes) Support Azerbaijan Libya Palestinian Authority Qatar Syria (since 2024) United Kingdom United States Lebanon (sometimes) NATO	Ongoing	Ongoing
2011 attack on the British Embassy in Iran	United Kingdom Embassy at Tehran Iran	Anti-Western civilian protesters	Stalemate	Defense of the Embassy is reinforced and Iranian government condemns the attacks.
2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute (2011–2012)	Iran	United States United Kingdom France Australia	Stalemate	Iran threatens to close the Strait of Hormuz Multi-national flotilla established in Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea off coast of Iran EU sanctions enforced, banning the export of oil from Iran to the EU countries and freezing Iranian assets
Mali War (2012–present) Part of the War in the Sahel, war on terror and the War against the Islamic State	2012–2013 Mali 2013–2022/23 Mali France MINUSMA^[k] Chad (2013 only) Wagner Group (from 2021) Supported by: EUTM Mali Others Angola^[462] Australia^[463] Belgium^[464] Canada^[465]^[466] Denmark^[467] Germany^[468] India^[469] Iran^[470] Italy^[471] Japan^[472] Namibia^[473] Netherlands^[464] Spain^[464] United Arab Emirates^[464] United Kingdom^[474] United States^[475] 2023– Mali Russia (2024–) Africa Corps^[476] Wagner Group (until 2025) Support: North Korea^[477] Native militia 2014– Platform MPSA Ganda Iso MAA Loyalists MSA (2019–) GATIA (2019–23) 2015–23 CSP (from 2021) CMA Platform (from 2021)	2012 MNLA Al-Qaeda AQIM Ansaru Ansar Dine MOJWA Boko Haram 2012–15 CMA (from 2014) MNLA HCUA (from 2013) MAA-D (from 2013) 2023–24 CSP CMA GATIA (al-Mahmoud faction) 2024– FLA Supported by: Ukraine^[478] 2012– CMI (2017–) MAA (until 2013) Other armed groups and self-defense militias 2012–2017 Al-Qaeda AQIM Al-Mourabitoun (from 2015) Ansaru (until 2013) Ansar Dine MLF (from 2016) MOJWA (until 2013) Boko Haram (until 2013) 2017– Al-Qaeda JNIM 2015–2019 IS ISSP 2019– IS ISSP	Ongoing	Ongoing
Libyan civil war (2014–2020) Part of the Arab Winter, the Libyan crisis, the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war, the war on terror, and the Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict, War against the Islamic State and the Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)	House of Representatives (Tobruk-based)^[479]^[480] Libyan National Army^[481]^[482] Libyan Air Force (LNA–aligned) Libyan Navy (LNA–aligned) Others: Zintan brigades^[483] JEM^[484] (from 2016) SLM/A-Minnawi^[485]^[486] Gaddafi loyalists^[487] Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya Warshefana militias ^[483]^[488]^[489] Wagner Group (from 2018) ^[490]^[491]^[492]^[493]^[494] Egypt^[495]^[496]^[497] United Arab Emirates^[495]^[498]^[499]^[500] RSF^[501] (from 2019) Ba'athist Syria (2020)^[502]^[503]^[504] Hezbollah (allegedly)^[505]^[506] Israel (allegedly, denied by LNA)^[507]^[508]^[509]^[510]^[511] Iran^[512] Support: Russia^[513]^[514] France^[515]^[516]^[517]^[518] Saudi Arabia^[519] Chad^[520] Jordan^[521]^[522]^[489] Belarus^[523]^[524] Greece^[525]^[526] Cyprus^[527] United States^[528]^[529] United Kingdom^[530]	Government of National Accord (Tripoli-based) (from 2015) Libyan Ground Forces Libyan Air Force (GNA–aligned) Libyan Navy^[531] (GNA–aligned) Others: Presidential Guard^[532] Misrata Brigades^[533] Sabratha Revolutionary Brigades^[534] Petroleum Facilities Guard^[535] Tripoli Protection Force (from 2018) Misratan Third Force^[536] Tuareg militias of Ghat^[537] Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya^[537] Chadian rebels (FACT,^[538] CCMSR,^[538] URF^[539] and UFDD^[539]) Turkey (2020)^[540]^[541]^[542] Syrian National Army (from 2019)^[543] Popular Resistance Committees^[544]^[545] Hamas (LNA claim, denied by Hamas)^[546] Support: Qatar^[547] Sudan^[548] (until 2019) Pakistan^[549]^[550] Iran^[551] Morocco^[552] Malta^[553] Italy^[179]^[554] European Union^[555] (except Greece, Cyprus and France) United Kingdom^[556] United States (until 2019)^[557]^[558] Ukraine^[559] Algeria^[560] United Nations National Salvation Government (2014–2017)^[561]^[562] Libya Dawn Coalition Libya Shield Force^[563] LROR^[563] Libyan National Guard^[564]^[565]^[566] Support: Sudan (2014–16)^[567]^[548] Turkey (2014–16)^[568]^[569] Qatar (2014–16)^[568]^[547] Iran^[570] (allegedly) Ukraine^[559] Islamic State (from 2014)^[571] Wilayat Libya Support: AQIM (2014–2015;^[572]^[573] alleged in 2016^[574]) Al-Qaeda Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb^[575] Al-Mourabitoun (2015-2018)^[576] Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (2014–2017)^[577]^[578] SCBR militia: Ansar al-Sharia (2014–2017)^[579] Libya Shield 1 (2014–16) Rafallah al-Sahati Brigade February 17th Martyrs Brigade Others: Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna (until 2018)^[580] Benghazi Defense Brigades (2016)^[581]^[582] Ajdabiya Revolutionaries Shura Council (2015–16)^[583] Derna Protection Force (2018-2019)	Stalemate	Ceasefire Iran and Saudi Arabia develops a rivalry concerning the militar support for Khalifa Haftar until 2020.^[584] Iran withdraws due to lack of interest.^[585] Then diplomatically supports the Turkish intervention in Libya (2020–present) after the end of the civil war and the formation of the Government of National Unity.^[586]
2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident (2016)	Iran	United States	Inconclusive	Sailors released unharmed 15 hours later after negotiations
2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (2017) part of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict and the War in Iraq (2013–2017)	Iraq Supported by: Iran^[587]	Kurdistan Regional Government PKK^[588] PDKI^[589] PAK^[590] White Flags (alleged)^[591]	Iraqi victory	Iraqi victory Iraqi government forces defeat the Peshmerga and capture 20% of the territory controlled by the Kurdistan Region including the city of Kirkuk, along with the surrounding oil fields and border crossings.^[592]
2018 attack on the Iranian Embassy in London	Iran United Kingdom	The Mahdi Servants Union	Victory	Attackers were arrested
2018 German raids against Iranian spionage^[593]	Iran Quds Force	Germany	Defeat	Alleged Iranian Quds Force members, suspected of spying on Israeli and Jewish targets are dismantled.
Actions in support of Azerbaijan in Iran (2020) Part of Nagorno-Karabakh conflict	Iran Supported by: Armenia	Iranian opposition Pan-Turkist Iranian Azerbaijanis Anti-Armenian Islamist Supported by: Azerbaijan Turkey	Victory	Iranian government repress the protests and mantain its neutrality in the conflict.
2022 Iran–Greece naval incident	Iran Supported by: Russia	Greece Supported by: European Union United States	Inconclusive	The Greek seizure was lifted.
Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Iran and the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of Post-soviet conflicts	Russia Donetsk PR^[l] Luhansk PR^[l] Supported by: Belarus^[m] North Korea Iran (alleged, denied by Iran)^[440]	Ukraine Supported by: Military aid to Ukraine	Ongoing	Territorial control during the Russo-Ukrainian war. Iran denied any involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war.^[163]
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Iranian intervention in Sudan Part of Sudanese Civil Wars	Sudanese government Sudanese Armed Forces PDF^[598] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar)^[599] JEM^[600] SLM (Minnawi) SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Supported by: Ukraine^[601]^[602]^[603] Turkey^[604]^[605] Iran^[606]^[607] Saudi Arabia^[608]	Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025)^[609] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) Tamazuj (from August 2023) Libyan National Army^[610]^[611] Desert Wolves^[612] Supported by: United Arab Emirates^[613]^[614]^[615]^[616] Wagner Group^[617]^[618] Chad (alleged)^[619] SLM (al-Nur)^[620] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025)	Ongoing	Iran–Sudan relations are restored and Iranian Sphere of influence is expanded in the Red Sea.
2024 Iran–Pakistan conflict Part of the insurgency in Balochistan and Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency	Iran Claimed by Pakistan: Baloch Nationalists: Balochistan Liberation Army Balochistan Liberation Front	Pakistan Claimed by Iran: Jihadists: Jaish ul-Adl	Inconclusive	Ceasefire 2024 Saravan killings

Notes

^ Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet Ruhollah Khomeini.
^ Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared neutrality on 11 February 1979.
^ Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict. Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982 offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.^[150]^[151]
^ Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict. Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982 offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.^[150]^[151]
^ After the war concluded, Iraq continued to maintain control over the entire Shatt al-Arab and other Iranian territories it had occupied along the border, covering an area of 9,600 km². It was not until 16 August 1990 that Iraq agreed to return these occupied territories to Iran and to divide sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab. This restored the border to the terms established by the 1975 Algiers Agreement.
^ Formed by a faction of the Southern Movement, it was established on 11 May 2017, and has called for the secession of a proposed federal "State of South Arabia" from the rest of the nation along the borders of South Yemen, with the name being inspired from the British-created Federation of South Arabia.
^ Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments;^[317] according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi".^[318] The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.^[319]
^ Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.^[319]
^ Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.
^ Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011.^[392]
^ MINUSMA, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, replaced and absorbed the troops from the AFISMA. It included troops from Chad, Bangladesh, Senegal, Togo, Egypt, Burkina Faso, Niger, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Germany, China, Benin, among others
^ ^a ^b The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian puppet states that declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. In 2022, they received international recognition from each other, Russia, Syria and North Korea, and some other partially recognised states. On 30 September 2022, Russia declared that it had formally annexed both entities. They continue to exist as republics of Russia.
^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion[594][595][596] and to launch missiles into Ukraine.[597]

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[125] Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979, when its head resigned to meet Ruhollah Khomeini.

[126] Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared neutrality on 11 February 1979.

[154] Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict. Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982 offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.^[150]^[151]

[155] Iraq claimed victory following a successful 1988 counter-offensive aimed at expelling Iranian forces from Iraq which compelled Iran to submit to a ceasefire the same year, and also due to the country becoming the dominant power in the Middle East as a result of the conflict. Iran also claimed victory for expelling Iraqi forces from Iran following 1982 offensives, despite failing in its later-goal to overthrow the Iraqi government and also despite suffering higher military and economic losses than Iraq.^[150]^[151]

[156] After the war concluded, Iraq continued to maintain control over the entire Shatt al-Arab and other Iranian territories it had occupied along the border, covering an area of 9,600 km². It was not until 16 August 1990 that Iraq agreed to return these occupied territories to Iran and to divide sovereignty over the Shatt al-Arab. This restored the border to the terms established by the 1975 Algiers Agreement.

[175] Formed by a faction of the Southern Movement, it was established on 11 May 2017, and has called for the secession of a proposed federal "State of South Arabia" from the rest of the nation along the borders of South Yemen, with the name being inspired from the British-created Federation of South Arabia.

[326] Iraqi support for Sudan during the war mostly consisted of weapons shipments;^[317] according to the South Sudanese, however, at least one unit of Iraqi paratroopers fought alongside the SAF near Juba. About 200 Iraqi soldiers were allegedly killed, and the site of their remains became known as "Jebel Iraqi".^[318] The International Institute for Strategic Studies also stated that Iraqi forces fought alongside Sudanese government troops.^[319]

[327] Although China was not officially involved in the war, it sent troops to the country in order to protect oil fields and thereby aid the Sudanese military. China also provided Sudan with weaponry.^[319]

[400] Known as the National Redemption Front prior to 2011.

[402] Signed the Doha Darfur Peace Agreement in 2011.^[392]

[472] MINUSMA, the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, replaced and absorbed the troops from the AFISMA. It included troops from Chad, Bangladesh, Senegal, Togo, Egypt, Burkina Faso, Niger, Ivory Coast, Guinea, Germany, China, Benin, among others

[DonetskLuhanskRecognition-605] The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian puppet states that declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. In 2022, they received international recognition from each other, Russia, Syria and North Korea, and some other partially recognised states. On 30 September 2022, Russia declared that it had formally annexed both entities. They continue to exist as republics of Russia.

[610] In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion^[594]^[595]^[596] and to launch missiles into Ukraine.^[597] See: Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

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[FOOTNOTERoy201444-78] Roy 2014, p. 44.

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Bashir, Hamdi (7 October 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.

Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia

Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023.

[453] Bashir, Hamdi (7 October 2020). "The Future of the Role of Iran's Quds Force in Africa". Emirates Policy Center. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. The Quds Force has been working with agents and allies, such as Lebanon's Hezbollah and Somalia's Al-Shabaab, which are thought to have recently established relations with the Quds Force.

[454] Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

[455] Fraser-Rahim, Muhammad (17 July 2020). "In Somalia, Iran Is Replicating Russia's Afghan Strategy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Somali police and finance ministry officials claim the Quds Force uses these networks to smuggle Iranian oil into Somalia and then sell cheap oil across Africa to subvert U.S. sanctions, with some of the proceeds used to support militants in Yemen and Somalia

[456] Bartell, Dawn L.; Gray, David H. (Fall 2012). "Hezbollah and Al Shabaab in Mexico". Global Security Studies. 3 (4): 100–112. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023.

[441] Multiple sources:
Ahmed, Guled (9 February 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates

Lynch, Colum (28 November 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans

Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (2 August 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.

Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (26 August 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence

[458] Ahmed, Guled (9 February 2021). "As Farmaajo digs in with Qatari backing, Somalia's election crisis grows worse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Qatar has allegedly used al-Shabab to target groups it has identified as opposing its interests, including Somali politicians critical of Doha's role in the country and outside actors like the United Arab Emirates

[459] Lynch, Colum (28 November 2012). "Qatar's support for Islamists muddles its reputation as neutral broker in Mideast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Qatar's cultivation of African Islamists, principally Somalia's al-Shabab insurgents, has similarly troubled the United States, which has accused the movement of providing a haven for al-Qaeda militants involved in attacks against Americans

[460] Mustafa, Awad; Singh, Karam (2 August 2017). "Qatar in the Horn of Africa: Friend or Foe?". Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017.

[461] Yüksel, Engin; Tekineş, Haşim (26 August 2021). "Turkish-Qatari approaches to conflict and crisis across the region". Clingendael. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Qatari individuals and government representatives are reported to have been in regular contact with Al-Qaeda and its affiliates in Syria, Iraq, Somalia and Yemen in order to exert geopolitical influence

[442] Multiple sources:
Houreld, Katharine (10 November 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.

Redondo, Raúl (20 July 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen

Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

[463] Houreld, Katharine (10 November 2021). "Iranian-supplied arms smuggled from Yemen into Somalia, study says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Guns supplied by Iran to its Houthi allies in Yemen are being smuggled across the Gulf of Aden to Somalia, according to a Geneva-based think tank, where al Qaeda-linked al Shabab insurgents are battling a weak and divided government.

[464] Redondo, Raúl (20 July 2020). "Iran allies with Al-Shabaab in Somalia to distribute arms to Houthi rebels". Atalayar. Archived from the original on 19 August 2023. Iran has established links with the jihadist group Al-Shabaab in Somalia to attack United States and other international forces in the African country and the region and to supply arms to Houthi rebels in Yemen

[465] Fazeli, Yaghoub (19 July 2020). "Iran linking with Somalia's al-Shabab to funnel weapons to Houthis". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021.

[443] UN sources:
"Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. 11 October 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).

"UN experts say Houthis collaborated with Al-Qaeda to weaken Yemeni government". Arab News. 3 November 2024. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024.

"UN Panel of Experts Report Reveals Houthi Militia's Relationship with Al-Qaeda and Al-Shabaab Movement in Somalia". Yemen Shabab Net. 2 November 2024. Archived from the original on 8 November 2024.

[467] "Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen established pursuant to Security Council resolution 2140 (2014)" (PDF). un.org. UN Security Council. 11 October 2024. pp. 2, 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2024. In addition, increased smuggling activities involving small arms and light weapons are observed between the Houthis and Al-Shabaab, with indications of shared military supplies or a common supplier. ... Houthis are evaluating options to carry out attacks at sea from the Somali coast. To that end, they are strengthening ties with the terrorist group Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (Al-Shabaab).

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Lists of wars involving Asian countries
Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor-Leste (East Timor) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen
States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Taiwan
Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau
Category Asia portal

Elamite Civilisation

Median kingdom

Achaemenid Empire

Hellenistic Era

Parthian Empire

Sasanian Empire

Medieval Islamic Era

First Turco-Persian Era

Mongolian Era

Second Turco-Persian Era

Safavid Iran

Transition from Safavid to Qajar

Qajar Iran

Pahlavi Iran

Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979)

Minor conflicts, proxy wars, military incidents and alleged interventions

See also

Notes

References