stonen

From Middle English stonen, alteration (due to stone) of earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen (“stony; of stone, hard as stone; stone, made of stone, built of stone”), from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, from Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz (“made of stone”), equivalent to stone +‎ -en. Cognate with Dutch stenen (“stonen”), German Low German stenen (“stonen”), German steinen (“stonen”).

stonen (comparative more stonen, superlative most stonen)

1. (archaic) Consisting or made of stone.
   • 1869, William Barnes, Poems of rural life in common English:

     […] And up these well-worn blocks of stone
     I came when I first ran alone,
     The stonen stairs beclimb'd the mound,
     Ere father put a foot to ground, […]

• tennos, Neston, tonnes, sonnet, non est, tenson, nonets, tenons, Tonnes, senton

From earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston +‎ -en (“made of”).

• stanene, stonene, stonon, stonun, stonyn, stoonen

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɔ̝ːnən/

stonen

1. Composed or built of stone.

   Synonym: stenen

• English: stonen

• rochen

• “stōnen(e, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 9 April 2018.

From stone +‎ -en (infinitival suffix).

• stain, stane, stone, stoonen

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɔ̝ːnən/

stonen

1. (ambitransitive) To throw stones.
2. (transitive) To stone, execute using stones.
3. (intransitive) To remove or eliminate stones or rocks.

• English: stone
• Scots: stane, steen

• “stōnen, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 27 March 2018.

Probably either an apheretic form of astonen or directly borrowed from Anglo-Norman estoner (“to shake, stun”), from Late Latin *stunāre, possibly from Latin *extonāre, from tonāre (“to thunder”) or from Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash, knock, strike”). Alternatively inherited from Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”), from Proto-West Germanic *stunōn, though the gap in attestation and difference in sense is suspicious, while the largely synonymous stoneyen corroborates derivation from estoner as it can only easily be derived from Old French.

The variant stoynyn may either represent a North Midland phonetic development of /oː/ (from /u/ in a open syllable; compare West Riding traditional dialect /uɪ̯/) or a modification of reduced forms of stoneyen by analogy with the variation between /i̯n/ and /nj/ in Old French words with /ɲ/ such as onyoun and poynaunt.

• stone, stoynyn

• IPA^(key): /ˈstunən/

stonen (third-person singular simple present stoneth, present participle stonende, stonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stoned)

1. To astonish, shock, or stupefy.
2. To stun or incapacitate; to render unconscious.
3. (rare) To shatter or strike.

• astonen
• stoneyen

• English: stun

• “stǒnen”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

From ston +‎ -en (plural suffix).

• IPA^(key): /ˈstɔːnən/

stonen

2. plural of stone