rwana

Tooro

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Bantu *-dʊ̀ana, from Proto-Bantu *-dʊ̀a.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɾwáːna/

Verb

-rwana (infinitive okurwana) (ambitransitive)

  1. to fight, to struggle

Conjugation

Conjugation of -rwana
infinitives
affirmative okurwana
negative okutarwana
imperatives
affirmative rwana
negative (see second-person negative subjunctive forms)
tense polarity basic forms relative forms1
present habitual affirmative
subject concord + -rwana
person noun class singular plural
first person ndwana turwana
second person orwana murwana
third person 1/2 arwana barwana
3/4 gurwana erwana
5/6 lirwana garwana
7/8 kirwana birwana
9/10 erwana zirwana
11/10 rurwana
12/14 karwana burwana
13 — turwana
14/6 burwana garwana
15/6 kurwana
16 harwana —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -rwana
person noun class singular plural
first person tindwana titurwana
second person torwana timurwana
third person 1/2 tarwana tibarwana
3/4 tigurwana terwana
5/6 tirirwana tigarwana
7/8 tikirwana tibirwana
9/10 terwana tizirwana
11/10 tirurwana
12/14 tikarwana tiburwana
13 — titurwana
14/6 tiburwana tigarwana
15/6 tikurwana
16 tiharwana —
subject concord + -tarwana
present continuous affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -rwana
person noun class singular plural
first person nindwana niturwana
second person noorwana nimurwana
third person 1/2 naarwana nibarwana
3/4 nigurwana neerwana
5/6 nirirwana nigarwana
7/8 nikirwana nibirwana
9/10 neerwana nizirwana
11/10 nirurwana
12/14 nikarwana niburwana
13 — niturwana
14/6 niburwana nigarwana
15/6 nikurwana
16 niharwana —
subject concord + -rukurwana
negative
ti- + subject concord + -rukurwana
person noun class singular plural
first person tindukurwana titurukurwana
second person torukurwana timurukurwana
third person 1/2 tarukurwana tibarukurwana
3/4 tigurukurwana terukurwana
5/6 tirirukurwana tigarukurwana
7/8 tikirukurwana tibirukurwana
9/10 terukurwana tizirukurwana
11/10 tirurukurwana
12/14 tikarukurwana tiburukurwana
13 — titurukurwana
14/6 tiburukurwana tigarukurwana
15/6 tikurukurwana
16 tiharukurwana —
subject concord + -tarukurwana
present continuative affirmative
ni- + subject concord + -kyarwana
person noun class singular plural
first person ninkyarwana nitukyarwana
second person nookyarwana nimukyarwana
third person 1/2 naakyarwana nibakyarwana
3/4 nigukyarwana neekyarwana
5/6 nirikyarwana nigakyarwana
7/8 nikikyarwana nibikyarwana
9/10 neekyarwana nizikyarwana
11/10 nirukyarwana
12/14 nikakyarwana nibukyarwana
13 — nitukyarwana
14/6 nibukyarwana nigakyarwana
15/6 nikukyarwana
16 nihakyarwana —
subject concord + -rukukyarwana
negative
ti- + subject concord + -kyarwana
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkyarwana titukyarwana
second person tokyarwana timukyarwana
third person 1/2 takyarwana tibakyarwana
3/4 tigukyarwana tekyarwana
5/6 tirikyarwana tigakyarwana
7/8 tikikyarwana tibikyarwana
9/10 tekyarwana tizikyarwana
11/10 tirukyarwana
12/14 tikakyarwana tibukyarwana
13 — titukyarwana
14/6 tibukyarwana tigakyarwana
15/6 tikukyarwana
16 tihakyarwana —
subject concord + -takyarwana
virtual present affirmative
subject concord + -arwana
person noun class singular plural
first person narwana twarwana
second person warwana mwarwana
third person 1/2 yarwana baarwana
3/4 gwarwana yarwana
5/6 lyarwana gaarwana
7/8 kyarwana byarwana
9/10 yarwana zaarwana
11/10 rwarwana
12/14 kaarwana bwarwana
13 — twarwana
14/6 bwarwana gaarwana
15/6 kwarwana
16 haarwana —
negative
ti- + subject concord + arwana
person noun class singular plural
first person tinarwana titwarwana
second person tiwarwana timwarwana
third person 1/2 tiyarwana tibaarwana
3/4 tigwarwana tiyarwana
5/6 tiryarwana tigaarwana
7/8 tikyarwana tibyarwana
9/10 tiyarwana tizaarwana
11/10 tirwarwana
12/14 tikaarwana tibwarwana
13 — titwarwana
14/6 tibwarwana tigaarwana
15/6 tikwarwana
16 tihaarwana —
subject concord + -taarwana
present perfect affirmative
subject concord + -rwaine
person noun class singular plural
first person ndwaine turwaine
second person orwaine murwaine
third person 1/2 arwaine barwaine
3/4 gurwaine erwaine
5/6 lirwaine garwaine
7/8 kirwaine birwaine
9/10 erwaine zirwaine
11/10 rurwaine
12/14 karwaine burwaine
13 — turwaine
14/6 burwaine garwaine
15/6 kurwaine
16 harwaine —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -rwaine
person noun class singular plural
first person tindwaine titurwaine
second person torwaine timurwaine
third person 1/2 tarwaine tibarwaine
3/4 tigurwaine terwaine
5/6 tirirwaine tigarwaine
7/8 tikirwaine tibirwaine
9/10 terwaine tizirwaine
11/10 tirurwaine
12/14 tikarwaine tiburwaine
13 — titurwaine
14/6 tiburwaine tigarwaine
15/6 tikurwaine
16 tiharwaine —
subject concord + -tarwaine
near perfective affirmative
subject concord + -akarwana
person noun class singular plural
first person nakarwana twakarwana
second person wakarwana mwakarwana
third person 1/2 yakarwana baakarwana
3/4 gwakarwana yakarwana
5/6 lyakarwana gaakarwana
7/8 kyakarwana byakarwana
9/10 yakarwana zaakarwana
11/10 rwakarwana
12/14 kaakarwana bwakarwana
13 — twakarwana
14/6 bwakarwana gaakarwana
15/6 kwakarwana
16 haakarwana —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -karwaine
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkarwaine titukarwaine
second person tokarwaine timukarwaine
third person 1/2 takarwaine tibakarwaine
3/4 tigukarwaine tekarwaine
5/6 tirikarwaine tigakarwaine
7/8 tikikarwaine tibikarwaine
9/10 tekarwaine tizikarwaine
11/10 tirukarwaine
12/14 tikakarwaine tibukarwaine
13 — titukarwaine
14/6 tibukarwaine tigakarwaine
15/6 tikukarwaine
16 tihakarwaine —
subject concord + -takarwaine
near past affirmative
subject concord + -rwainege
person noun class singular plural
first person ndwainege turwainege
second person orwainege murwainege
third person 1/2 arwainege barwainege
3/4 gurwainege erwainege
5/6 lirwainege garwainege
7/8 kirwainege birwainege
9/10 erwainege zirwainege
11/10 rurwainege
12/14 karwainege burwainege
13 — turwainege
14/6 burwainege garwainege
15/6 kurwainege
16 harwainege —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -rwainege
person noun class singular plural
first person tindwainege titurwainege
second person torwainege timurwainege
third person 1/2 tarwainege tibarwainege
3/4 tigurwainege terwainege
5/6 tirirwainege tigarwainege
7/8 tikirwainege tibirwainege
9/10 terwainege tizirwainege
11/10 tirurwainege
12/14 tikarwainege tiburwainege
13 — titurwainege
14/6 tiburwainege tigarwainege
15/6 tikurwainege
16 tiharwainege —
subject concord + -tarwainege
remote past affirmative
subject concord + -karwana
person noun class singular plural
first person nkarwana tukarwana
second person okarwana mukarwana
third person 1/2 akarwana bakarwana
3/4 gukarwana ekarwana
5/6 likarwana gakarwana
7/8 kikarwana bikarwana
9/10 ekarwana zikarwana
11/10 rukarwana
12/14 kakarwana bukarwana
13 — tukarwana
14/6 bukarwana gakarwana
15/6 kukarwana
16 hakarwana —
subject concord + -arwaine
negative
subject concord + -tarwane
person noun class singular plural
first person ntarwane tutarwane
second person otarwane mutarwane
third person 1/2 atarwane batarwane
3/4 gutarwane etarwane
5/6 litarwane gatarwane
7/8 kitarwane bitarwane
9/10 etarwane ziitarwane
11/10 rutarwane
12/14 katarwane butarwane
13 — tutarwane
14/6 butarwane gatarwane
15/6 kutarwane
16 hatarwane —
subject concord + -tararwaine
experiential perfective affirmative
subject concord + -rarwaine
person noun class singular plural
first person ndarwaine turarwaine
second person orarwaine murarwaine
third person 1/2 ararwaine bararwaine
3/4 gurarwaine erarwaine
5/6 lirarwaine gararwaine
7/8 kirarwaine birarwaine
9/10 erarwaine zirarwaine
11/10 rurarwaine
12/14 kararwaine burarwaine
13 — turarwaine
14/6 burarwaine gararwaine
15/6 kurarwaine
16 hararwaine —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -karwanaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinkarwanaga titukarwanaga
second person tokarwanaga timukarwanaga
third person 1/2 takarwanaga tibakarwanaga
3/4 tigukarwanaga tekarwanaga
5/6 tirikarwanaga tigakarwanaga
7/8 tikikarwanaga tibikarwanaga
9/10 tekarwanaga tizikarwanaga
11/10 tirukarwanaga
12/14 tikakarwanaga tibukarwanaga
13 — titukarwanaga
14/6 tibukarwanaga tigakarwanaga
15/6 tikukarwanaga
16 tihakarwanaga —
subject concord + -takarwanaga
cessative perfective affirmative
subject concord + -aarwaine
person noun class singular plural
first person naarwaine twarwaine
second person waarwaine mwarwaine
third person 1/2 yaarwaine baarwaine
3/4 gwarwaine yaarwaine
5/6 lyarwaine gaarwaine
7/8 kyarwaine byarwaine
9/10 yaarwaine zaarwaine
11/10 rwarwaine
12/14 kaarwaine bwarwaine
13 — twarwaine
14/6 bwarwaine gaarwaine
15/6 kwarwaine
16 haarwaine —
past habitual affirmative
subject concord + -arwanaga
person noun class singular plural
first person narwanaga twarwanaga
second person warwanaga mwarwanaga
third person 1/2 yarwanaga baarwanaga
3/4 gwarwanaga yarwanaga
5/6 lyarwanaga gaarwanaga
7/8 kyarwanaga byarwanaga
9/10 yarwanaga zaarwanaga
11/10 rwarwanaga
12/14 kaarwanaga bwarwanaga
13 — twarwanaga
14/6 bwarwanaga gaarwanaga
15/6 kwarwanaga
16 haarwanaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + arwanaga
person noun class singular plural
first person tinarwanaga titwarwanaga
second person tiwarwanaga timwarwanaga
third person 1/2 tiyarwanaga tibaarwanaga
3/4 tigwarwanaga tiyarwanaga
5/6 tiryarwanaga tigaarwanaga
7/8 tikyarwanaga tibyarwanaga
9/10 tiyarwanaga tizaarwanaga
11/10 tirwarwanaga
12/14 tikaarwanaga tibwarwanaga
13 — titwarwanaga
14/6 tibwarwanaga tigaarwanaga
15/6 tikwarwanaga
16 tihaarwanaga —
subject concord + -taarwanaga
near future affirmative
subject concord + -raarwana
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaarwana turaarwana
second person oraarwana muraarwana
third person 1/2 araarwana baraarwana
3/4 guraarwana eraarwana
5/6 liraarwana garaarwana
7/8 kiraarwana biraarwana
9/10 eraarwana ziraarwana
11/10 ruraarwana
12/14 karaarwana buraarwana
13 — turaarwana
14/6 buraarwana garaarwana
15/6 kuraarwana
16 haraarwana —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aarwane
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaarwane titwarwane
second person tiwaarwane timwarwane
third person 1/2 tiyaarwane tibaarwane
3/4 tigwarwane tiyaarwane
5/6 tiryarwane tigaarwane
7/8 tikyarwane tibyarwane
9/10 tiyaarwane tizaarwane
11/10 tirwarwane
12/14 tikaarwane tibwarwane
13 — titwarwane
14/6 tibwarwane tigaarwane
15/6 tikwarwane
16 tihaarwane —
subject concord + -taarwane
remote future affirmative
subject concord + -lirwana
person noun class singular plural
first person ndirwana tulirwana
second person olirwana mulirwana
third person 1/2 alirwana balirwana
3/4 gulirwana erirwana
5/6 lirirwana galirwana
7/8 kirirwana birirwana
9/10 erirwana zirirwana
11/10 rulirwana
12/14 kalirwana bulirwana
13 — tulirwana
14/6 bulirwana galirwana
15/6 kulirwana
16 halirwana —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -lirwana
person noun class singular plural
first person tindirwana titulirwana
second person tolirwana timulirwana
third person 1/2 talirwana tibalirwana
3/4 tigulirwana terirwana
5/6 tiririrwana tigalirwana
7/8 tikirirwana tibirirwana
9/10 terirwana tizirirwana
11/10 tirulirwana
12/14 tikalirwana tibulirwana
13 — titulirwana
14/6 tibulirwana tigalirwana
15/6 tikulirwana
16 tihalirwana —
subject concord + -talirwana
future habitual affirmative
subject concord + -raarwanaga
person noun class singular plural
first person ndaarwanaga turaarwanaga
second person oraarwanaga muraarwanaga
third person 1/2 araarwanaga baraarwanaga
3/4 guraarwanaga eraarwanaga
5/6 liraarwanaga garaarwanaga
7/8 kiraarwanaga biraarwanaga
9/10 eraarwanaga ziraarwanaga
11/10 ruraarwanaga
12/14 karaarwanaga buraarwanaga
13 — turaarwanaga
14/6 buraarwanaga garaarwanaga
15/6 kuraarwanaga
16 haraarwanaga —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aarwanege
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaarwanege titwarwanege
second person tiwaarwanege timwarwanege
third person 1/2 tiyaarwanege tibaarwanege
3/4 tigwarwanege tiyaarwanege
5/6 tiryarwanege tigaarwanege
7/8 tikyarwanege tibyarwanege
9/10 tiyaarwanege tizaarwanege
11/10 tirwarwanege
12/14 tikaarwanege tibwarwanege
13 — titwarwanege
14/6 tibwarwanege tigaarwanege
15/6 tikwarwanege
16 tihaarwanege —
subject concord + -taarwanege
subjunctive affirmative
subject concord + rwane
person noun class singular plural
first person ndwane turwane
second person orwane murwane
third person 1/2 arwane barwane
3/4 gurwane erwane
5/6 lirwane garwane
7/8 kirwane birwane
9/10 erwane zirwane
11/10 rurwane
12/14 karwane burwane
13 — turwane
14/6 burwane garwane
15/6 kurwane
16 harwane —
negative
subject concord + -tarwana
person noun class singular plural
first person ntarwana tutarwana
second person otarwana mutarwana
third person 1/2 atarwana batarwana
3/4 gutarwana etarwana
5/6 litarwana gatarwana
7/8 kitarwana bitarwana
9/10 etarwana zitarwana
11/10 rutarwana
12/14 katarwana butarwana
13 — tutarwana
14/6 butarwana gatarwana
15/6 kutarwana
16 hatarwana —
—
subjunctive habitual affirmative
subject concord + rwanege
person noun class singular plural
first person ndwanege turwanege
second person orwanege murwanege
third person 1/2 arwanege barwanege
3/4 gurwanege erwanege
5/6 lirwanege garwanege
7/8 kirwanege birwanege
9/10 erwanege zirwanege
11/10 rurwanege
12/14 karwanege burwanege
13 — turwanege
14/6 burwanege garwanege
15/6 kurwanege
16 harwanege —
hypothetical affirmative
subject concord + -aakurwana
person noun class singular plural
first person naakurwana twakurwana
second person waakurwana mwakurwana
third person 1/2 yaakurwana baakurwana
3/4 gwakurwana yaakurwana
5/6 lyakurwana gaakurwana
7/8 kyakurwana byakurwana
9/10 yaakurwana zaakurwana
11/10 rwakurwana
12/14 kaakurwana bwakurwana
13 — twakurwana
14/6 bwakurwana gaakurwana
15/6 kwakurwana
16 haakurwana —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakurwana
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakurwana titwakurwana
second person tiwaakurwana timwakurwana
third person 1/2 tiyaakurwana tibaakurwana
3/4 tigwakurwana tiyaakurwana
5/6 tiryakurwana tigaakurwana
7/8 tikyakurwana tibyakurwana
9/10 tiyaakurwana tizaakurwana
11/10 tirwakurwana
12/14 tikaakurwana tibwakurwana
13 — titwakurwana
14/6 tibwakurwana tigaakurwana
15/6 tikwakurwana
16 tihaakurwana —
subject concord + -taakurwana
conditional affirmative
subject concord + -aakurwaine
person noun class singular plural
first person naakurwaine twakurwaine
second person waakurwaine mwakurwaine
third person 1/2 yaakurwaine baakurwaine
3/4 gwakurwaine yaakurwaine
5/6 lyakurwaine gaakurwaine
7/8 kyakurwaine byakurwaine
9/10 yaakurwaine zaakurwaine
11/10 rwakurwaine
12/14 kaakurwaine bwakurwaine
13 — twakurwaine
14/6 bwakurwaine gaakurwaine
15/6 kwakurwaine
16 haakurwaine —
negative
ti- + subject concord + -aakurwaine
person noun class singular plural
first person tinaakurwaine titwakurwaine
second person tiwaakurwaine timwakurwaine
third person 1/2 tiyaakurwaine tibaakurwaine
3/4 tigwakurwaine tiyaakurwaine
5/6 tiryakurwaine tigaakurwaine
7/8 tikyakurwaine tibyakurwaine
9/10 tiyaakurwaine tizaakurwaine
11/10 tirwakurwaine
12/14 tikaakurwaine tibwakurwaine
13 — titwakurwaine
14/6 tibwakurwaine tigaakurwaine
15/6 tikwakurwaine
16 tihaakurwaine —
subject concord + -taakurwaine
object concords
person noun class singular plural
first person -ndwana -turwana
second person -kurwana -barwana
third person 1/2 -murwana
3/4 -gurwana -girwana
5/6 -lirwana -garwana
7/8 -kirwana -birwana
9/10 -girwana -zirwana
11/10 -rurwana
12/14 -karwana -burwana
13 — -turwana
14/6 -burwana -garwana
15/6 -kurwana
16 -harwana —

1 The forms in this column are reduced relative forms; full relative forms require an augment before the subject concord.


Derived terms

  • Verbal derivations:
    • Applicative: -rwanira
    • Long causative: -rwanisa
    • Passive: -rwanwa
  • Nominal derivations:
    • omurwani (“fighter”)

References

  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[1], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 307
  • Rubongoya, L. T. (2013), Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro–Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro–Rutooro dictionary]‎[2], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 349
  • Entry 1151 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
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