peng-

See also: PEng, Peng, P'eng, Péng, péng, pèng, pēng, and pěng

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay peng-, from Proto-Malayic *pAŋ-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋ-, from Proto-Austronesian *paŋ-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pəŋ/

Prefix

peng-

forms nouns indicating actor, instrument, or someone characterized by the root
‎peng- + ‎tulis → ‎penulis (“writer”)
forms adjectives indicating characteristic of the root prefixed
‎peng- + ‎diam (“silent”) → ‎pendiam (“quiet (of person)”)

Alternative forms

pem- (before initials of /b/, /p/, /v/ or /f/ will remove initial /p/ even before consonant clusters)
pen- (before initials of /d/, and /t/, will remove initial /t/)
pen- (before initials of /t͡ʃ/ ⟨c⟩, /d͡ʒ/ ⟨j⟩, /ʃ/ ⟨sy⟩, and /z/)
peny- (before initials of /s/, will remove initial /s/)
pe- (before initials of /l/, /m/, /n/, /ɲ/ ⟨ny⟩, /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩, /r/, /w/ and /y/)
penge- (before monosyllabic roots)

Synonyms

-wan

Derived terms

peng- -an

Indonesian terms prefixed with peng-

pengeksploitasi

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Malayic *pAŋ-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋ-, from Proto-Austronesian *paŋ-. Compare Tagalog pang-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /pəŋ-/^{[n 1]}
Hyphenation: peng-

Prefix

peng- (Jawi spelling ڤڠـ)

Forms an agent noun characterized by the word stem, similar to English -er:
1. Derives an actor or instrument which is the agent noun counterpart of a verb with the meng- prefix.^{[n 2]}
  ‎peng- + ‎tulis (“to write”) → ‎penulis (“writer”)
  
  (compare its verbal counterpart with meng-, menulis (“to write”))
2. Derives a noun with adjectival characteristics of the base word.
  ‎peng- + ‎diam (“quiet”) → ‎pendiam (“quiet person”)

Usage notes

^
The form of this prefix changes depending on the initial consonant of the word stem it attaches to as so:
- (with ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨ny⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨y⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pə-/
  - Written as ⟨pe-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎peng- + ‎layar (“to sail”) → ‎pelayar (“sailor”)
- (with ⟨p⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pəm-/
  - Written as ⟨pem-⟩ without initial consonant except in non-native or unnativized words
    ‎peng- + ‎petakan (“to map”) → ‎pemeta (“mapper”)
    
    ‎peng- + ‎proseskan (“to process”) → ‎pemproses (“processor”)
- (with ⟨b⟩ and ⟨f⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pəm-/
  - Written as ⟨pem-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎peng- + ‎bawa (“to bring”) → ‎pembawa (“carrier”)
- (with ⟨t⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pən-/
  - Written as ⟨pen-⟩ without initial consonant except in unnativized words
    ‎peng- + ‎tarik (“to pull”) → ‎penarik (“puller”)
    
    ‎peng- + ‎terjemahkan (“to translate”) → ‎penterjemah (“translator”)
- (with ⟨d⟩ and ⟨z⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pən-/
  - Written as ⟨pen-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎peng- + ‎damaikan (“to pacify”) → ‎pendamai (“peacemaker”)
- (with ⟨k⟩ and vowel-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pəŋ-/
  - Written as ⟨peng-⟩ without initial consonant except in non-native or non-nativized words
    ‎peng- + ‎korek (“to dig”) → ‎pengorek (“digger”)
    
    ‎peng- + ‎kritik (“to critique”) → ‎pengkritik (“critic”)
- (with ⟨g⟩, ⟨kh⟩, ⟨gh⟩, and ⟨h⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pəŋ-/
  - Written as ⟨peng-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎peng- + ‎gayakan (“to style”) → ‎penggaya (“stylist”)
- (with ⟨s⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pəɲ-/
    - In native or nativized words
    - Written as ⟨peny-⟩ without initial consonant
      ‎peng- + ‎sambut (“to celebrate”) → ‎penyambut (“celebrator”)
  - IPA^(key): /pən-/
    - In non-native or unnativized words
    - Written as ⟨pen-⟩ with initial consonant
    - ‎peng- + ‎stabilkan (“to stabilize”) → ‎penstabil (“stabilizer”)
- (with ⟨c⟩ and ⟨j⟩-initial stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pəɲ-/
  - Written as ⟨pen-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎peng- + ‎cari (“to search for”) → ‎penc'ari (“prospector”)
- (with monosyllabic stems)
  - IPA^(key): /pəŋə-/
  - Written as ⟨penge-⟩ with initial consonant
    ‎peng- + ‎cat (“to paint”) → ‎pengecat (“painter”)
^ When forming the agent noun counterpart to a verb that has a suffix such as menyelamatkan (“to rescue”) which has the -kan suffix, the suffix is removed, forming penyelamat (“rescuer”), not *penyelamatkan.

Derived terms

Malay terms prefixed with peng-