hapan

See also: häpän

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hap'oin (compare Estonian hapu), from Proto-Finno-Permic *šappa (compare Erzya чапамо (čapamo), Moksha шапама (šapama), Eastern Mari шопо (šopo)).[1] The declension has been levelled to a plain m-stem with two variants happama- and happame- (see usage notes below for original dialectal distribution).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑ̝pɑ̝n]
  • Rhymes: -ɑpɑn
  • Syllabification(key): ha‧pan
  • Hyphenation(key): ha‧pan

Adjective

hapan (comparative happamampi or happamempi, superlative happamin)

  1. sour, acid in taste
  2. sour, peevish, irritable, grumpy, fretful, ill-tempered
  3. (chemistry) acidic, acid
  4. (geology, mineralogy) felsic

Usage notes

Dialectal inflection for hapan (“sour”) (map)
Southern Southwest Finland

(Eteläinen Varsinais-Suomi)
[Southwestern dialects]

Kaarina, Kuusjoki, Sauvo happama-
Northern Southwest Finland

(Pohjoinen Varsinais-Suomi)
[Southwestern dialects]

Laitila, Masku, Mynämäki, Nousiainen, Rauma happama-
Southwest Finnish Highlands

(Varsinais-Suomen ylämaa)
[Southwestern transitional dialects]

Köyliö, Lieto, Paattinen, Pöytyä happama-
Western Uusimaa

(Länsi-Uusimaa)
[Southwestern transitional dialects]

Nummi, Pusula, Sammatti, Vihti happama-
Southern Satakunta

(Etelä-Satakunta)
[Southwestern transitional dialects]

Huittinen, Kokemäki, Loimaa, Metsämaa, Punkalaidun, Vampula happama-
Metsämaa happame-
Western Satakunta

(Länsi-Satakunta)
[Southwestern transitional dialects]

Nakkila, Pomarkku happama-
Northern Satakunta

(Pohjois-Satakunta)
[Tavastian dialects]

Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen, Kankaanpää, Lavia, Mouhijärvi, Parkano, Suodenniemi, Tyrvää happama-
Hämeenkyrö, Ikaalinen happame-
Northern Tavastia

(Pohjois-Häme)
[Tavastian dialects]

Hauho, Kangasala, Lempäälä, Luopioinen, Längelmäki, Orivesi, Tuulos, Urjala, Vanaja, Vesilahti happama-
Sääksmäki, Tottijärvi, Virrat happame-
Southern Tavastia

(Etelä-Häme)
[Tavastian dialects]

Hausjärvi, Humppila, Renko, Ypäjä happama-
Hausjärvi happame-
Southeastern Tavastia

(Kaakkois-Häme)
[Tavastian dialects]

Hollola, Kärkölä, Lammi, Myrskylä, Orimattila, Padasjoki, Pornainen, Pukkila happama-
Mäntsälä, Nastola happame-
Kymenlaakso
[Tavastian dialects] 		Anjala, Artjärvi, Elimäki, Iitti, Jaala, Sippola, Valkeala, Vehkalahti happama-
Southern Ostrobothnia

(Etelä-Pohjanmaa)
[South Ostrobothnian dialects]

Alavus, Ilmajoki, Isojoki, Jalasjärvi, Kauhajoki, Kurikka, Laihia, Teuva, Töysä happame-
Kauhava happama-
Central Ostrobothnia

(Keski-Pohjanmaa)
[Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects]

Haapavesi, Kalajoki, Kälviä, Lestijärvi, Nivala, Perho, Pulkkila, Sievi, Veteli happame-
Alavieska, Haapavesi, Himanka, Kalajoki, Merijärvi, Oulainen happama-
Northern Ostrobothnia

(Pohjois-Pohjanmaa)
[Central and North Ostrobothnian dialects]

Ii, Oulujoki, Oulunsalo, Pattijoki, Rantsila, Utajärvi, Vihanti happama-
Muhos, Oulujoki, Oulunsalo, Pudasjärvi happame-
Lapland

(Peräpohjola)
[Lapland dialects]

Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Rovaniemi, Salla, Sodankylä, Tervola happame-
Kemi, Rovaniemi happama-
Westrobothnia

(Länsi-Pohja)
[Lapland dialects]

Alatornio, Kolari happama-
Kainuu
[Savonian dialects] 		Kajaani, Kuusamo, Puolanka, Ristijärvi, Sotkamo, Suomussalmi, Vaala, Vuolijoki happame-
Northern Central Finland

(Pohjoinen Keski-Suomi)
[Savonian dialects]

Karstula, Kivijärvi, Konginkangas, Pihtipudas, Saarijärvi happame-
Pihtipudas happama-
Western Central Finland

(Läntinen Keski-Suomi)
[Savonian dialects]

Alajärvi, Evijärvi, Keuruu, Lappajärvi, Lehtimäki, Vimpeli, Ähtäri happame-
Vimpeli happama-
Southern Central Finland

(Eteläinen Keski-Suomi)
[Savonian dialects]

Joutsa, Jämsä, Koskenpää, Pertunmaa happame-
Joutsa, Jämsä, Sysmä happama-
Northern Savonia

(Pohjois-Savo)
[Savonian dialects]

Heinävesi, Iisalmi, Jäppilä, Kaavi, Kiuruvesi, Pielavesi, Pyhäjärvi (Ol), Rantasalmi, Siilinjärvi, Tervo, Tuusniemi, Vehmersalmi, Vieremä, Virtasalmi happame-
Haukivuori, Kiuruvesi, Pieksämäki happama-
Southern Savonia

(Etelä-Savo)
[Savonian dialects]

Anttola, Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Kerimäki, Mikkeli, Puumala, Savonranta, Sulkava, Sääminki happame-
Hirvensalmi, Mäntyharju happama-
Northern Karelia

(Pohjois-Karjala)
[Savonian dialects]

Ilomantsi, Kesälahti, Kiihtelysvaara, Kitee, Kontiolahti, Liperi, Nurmes, Pielisjärvi, Polvijärvi, Rääkkylä, Tohmajärvi, Valtimo happame-
Polvijärvi, Rautavaara, Valtimo happama-
Central Karelia

(Keski-Karjala)
[Southeastern dialects]

Gromovo (Sakkola), Kurkijoki, Melnikovskoye (Räisälä), Otradnoye (Pyhäjärvi (Vpl)), Parikkala, Sortavala, Yakkima (Jaakkima) happame-
Gromovo (Sakkola), Melnikovskoye (Räisälä), Otradnoye (Pyhäjärvi (Vpl)) happama-
Southern Karelia

(Etelä-Karjala)
[Southeastern dialects]

Joutseno, Kamennogorsk (Antrea), Lemi, Michurinskoye (Valkjärvi), Ozyorskoye (Vuoksenranta), Pervomayskoye (Kivennapa), Pionerskoye (Kuolemajärvi), Polyany (Uusikirkko (Vpl)), Rautjärvi, Ruokolahti, Savitaipale, Sovetsky (Johannes), Svobodnoye (Kirvu), Taipalsaari, Veshchevo (Heinjoki), Yashino (Vahviala), Ylämaa happame-
Pervomayskoye (Kivennapa), Polyany (Uusikirkko (Vpl)), Rautjärvi, Virolahti happama-
Ingria

(Inkeri)
[Southeastern dialects]

Dudergof (Tuutari/Tuuteri) happame-
Värmland

(Vermlanti)
[Savonian dialects]

Värmland (Vermlanti) happame-

The classification of and data for regional dialects is based on pre-1950s data. Since the 1950s, the dialects have become increasingly mixed, levelled and influenced by Standard Finnish. Besides Standard Finnish, a relatively uniform and originally urban 'colloquial Finnish' is beginning to emerge in their place, especially in the cities.

(edit data)

Source: Suomen murteiden sanakirja by Kotimaisten kielten keskus (CC BY 4.0)

Declension

Inflection of hapan (Kotus type 35*B/lämmin, pp-p gradation)
nominative hapan happamat
genitive happaman happamien
partitive hapanta happamia
illative happamaan happamiin
singular plural
nominative hapan happamat
accusative nom. hapan happamat
gen. happaman
genitive happaman happamien
happamain rare
partitive hapanta happamia
inessive happamassa happamissa
elative happamasta happamista
illative happamaan happamiin
adessive happamalla happamilla
ablative happamalta happamilta
allative happamalle happamille
essive happamana happamina
translative happamaksi happamiksi
abessive happamatta happamitta
instructive — happamin
comitative — happamine
Possessive forms of hapan (Kotus type 35*B/lämmin, pp-p gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative happamani happamani
accusative nom. happamani happamani
gen. happamani
genitive happamani happamieni
happamaini rare
partitive hapantani happamiani
inessive happamassani happamissani
elative happamastani happamistani
illative happamaani happamiini
adessive happamallani happamillani
ablative happamaltani happamiltani
allative happamalleni happamilleni
essive happamanani happaminani
translative happamakseni happamikseni
abessive happamattani happamittani
instructive — —
comitative — happamineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative happamasi happamasi
accusative nom. happamasi happamasi
gen. happamasi
genitive happamasi happamiesi
happamaisi rare
partitive hapantasi happamiasi
inessive happamassasi happamissasi
elative happamastasi happamistasi
illative happamaasi happamiisi
adessive happamallasi happamillasi
ablative happamaltasi happamiltasi
allative happamallesi happamillesi
essive happamanasi happaminasi
translative happamaksesi happamiksesi
abessive happamattasi happamittasi
instructive — —
comitative — happaminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative happamamme happamamme
accusative nom. happamamme happamamme
gen. happamamme
genitive happamamme happamiemme
happamaimme rare
partitive hapantamme happamiamme
inessive happamassamme happamissamme
elative happamastamme happamistamme
illative happamaamme happamiimme
adessive happamallamme happamillamme
ablative happamaltamme happamiltamme
allative happamallemme happamillemme
essive happamanamme happaminamme
translative happamaksemme happamiksemme
abessive happamattamme happamittamme
instructive — —
comitative — happaminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative happamanne happamanne
accusative nom. happamanne happamanne
gen. happamanne
genitive happamanne happamienne
happamainne rare
partitive hapantanne happamianne
inessive happamassanne happamissanne
elative happamastanne happamistanne
illative happamaanne happamiinne
adessive happamallanne happamillanne
ablative happamaltanne happamiltanne
allative happamallenne happamillenne
essive happamananne happaminanne
translative happamaksenne happamiksenne
abessive happamattanne happamittanne
instructive — —
comitative — happaminenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative happamansa happamansa
accusative nom. happamansa happamansa
gen. happamansa
genitive happamansa happamiensa
happamainsa rare
partitive hapantaan
hapantansa 		happamiaan
happamiansa
inessive happamassaan
happamassansa 		happamissaan
happamissansa
elative happamastaan
happamastansa 		happamistaan
happamistansa
illative happamaansa happamiinsa
adessive happamallaan
happamallansa 		happamillaan
happamillansa
ablative happamaltaan
happamaltansa 		happamiltaan
happamiltansa
allative happamalleen
happamallensa 		happamilleen
happamillensa
essive happamanaan
happamanansa 		happaminaan
happaminansa
translative happamakseen
happamaksensa 		happamikseen
happamiksensa
abessive happamattaan
happamattansa 		happamittaan
happamittansa
instructive — —
comitative — happamineen
happaminensa
Inflection of hapan (Kotus type 33*B/kytkin, pp-p gradation)
nominative hapan happamet
genitive happamen happamien
hapanten
partitive hapanta happamia
illative happameen happamiin
singular plural
nominative hapan happamet
accusative nom. hapan happamet
gen. happamen
genitive happamen happamien
hapanten
partitive hapanta happamia
inessive happamessa happamissa
elative happamesta happamista
illative happameen happamiin
adessive happamella happamilla
ablative happamelta happamilta
allative happamelle happamille
essive happamena happamina
translative happameksi happamiksi
abessive happametta happamitta
instructive — happamin
comitative — happamine
Possessive forms of hapan (Kotus type 33*B/kytkin, pp-p gradation)
Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives.
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative happameni happameni
accusative nom. happameni happameni
gen. happameni
genitive happameni happamieni
hapanteni
partitive hapantani happamiani
inessive happamessani happamissani
elative happamestani happamistani
illative happameeni happamiini
adessive happamellani happamillani
ablative happameltani happamiltani
allative happamelleni happamilleni
essive happamenani happaminani
translative happamekseni happamikseni
abessive happamettani happamittani
instructive — —
comitative — happamineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative happamesi happamesi
accusative nom. happamesi happamesi
gen. happamesi
genitive happamesi happamiesi
hapantesi
partitive hapantasi happamiasi
inessive happamessasi happamissasi
elative happamestasi happamistasi
illative happameesi happamiisi
adessive happamellasi happamillasi
ablative happameltasi happamiltasi
allative happamellesi happamillesi
essive happamenasi happaminasi
translative happameksesi happamiksesi
abessive happamettasi happamittasi
instructive — —
comitative — happaminesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative happamemme happamemme
accusative nom. happamemme happamemme
gen. happamemme
genitive happamemme happamiemme
hapantemme
partitive hapantamme happamiamme
inessive happamessamme happamissamme
elative happamestamme happamistamme
illative happameemme happamiimme
adessive happamellamme happamillamme
ablative happameltamme happamiltamme
allative happamellemme happamillemme
essive happamenamme happaminamme
translative happameksemme happamiksemme
abessive happamettamme happamittamme
instructive — —
comitative — happaminemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative happamenne happamenne
accusative nom. happamenne happamenne
gen. happamenne
genitive happamenne happamienne
hapantenne
partitive hapantanne happamianne
inessive happamessanne happamissanne
elative happamestanne happamistanne
illative happameenne happamiinne
adessive happamellanne happamillanne
ablative happameltanne happamiltanne
allative happamellenne happamillenne
essive happamenanne happaminanne
translative happameksenne happamiksenne
abessive happamettanne happamittanne
instructive — —
comitative — happaminenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative happamensa happamensa
accusative nom. happamensa happamensa
gen. happamensa
genitive happamensa happamiensa
hapantensa
partitive hapantaan
hapantansa 		happamiaan
happamiansa
inessive happamessaan
happamessansa 		happamissaan
happamissansa
elative happamestaan
happamestansa 		happamistaan
happamistansa
illative happameensa happamiinsa
adessive happamellaan
happamellansa 		happamillaan
happamillansa
ablative happameltaan
happameltansa 		happamiltaan
happamiltansa
allative happamelleen
happamellensa 		happamilleen
happamillensa
essive happamenaan
happamenansa 		happaminaan
happaminansa
translative happamekseen
happameksensa 		happamikseen
happamiksensa
abessive happamettaan
happamettansa 		happamittaan
happamittansa
instructive — —
comitative — happamineen
happaminensa

Derived terms

adjectives
adverbs
nouns
verbs
compounds

References

  1. ^ Santeri Junttila, Petri Kallio, Sampsa Holopainen, Juha Kuokkala, Juho Pystynen, editors (2020–), “hapan”, in Suomen vanhimman sanaston etymologinen verkkosanakirja‎[1] (in Finnish), retrieved 1 January 2024

Further reading

Anagrams

Ingrian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hap'oin. Cognates include Finnish hapan and Estonian hapu.

Pronunciation

  • (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑpɑˑn]
  • (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑb̥ɑˑn]
  • (Hevaha) IPA(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/, [ˈhɑb̥ɑˑn]
  • Rhymes: -ɑpɑn
  • Hyphenation: ha‧pan

Adjective

hapan (comparative happamamp)

  1. sour

Declension

Declension of hapan (type 15/hapan, pp-p gradation)
singular plural
nominative hapan happamat
genitive happaman happamiin
partitive hapanta, hapant happamia
illative happamaa happamii
inessive happamaas happamiis
elative happamast happamist
allative happamalle happamille
adessive happamaal happamiil
ablative happamalt happamilt
translative happamaks happamiks
essive happamanna, happamaan happaminna, happamiin
exessive1) happamant happamint
1) obsolete
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl)
**) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Adjective

hapan

  1. genitive/accusative singular of hapa

References

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 40
  • Arvo Laanest (1997), Isuri keele Hevaha murde sõnastik, Eesti Keele Instituut, page 28

Karelian

Regional variants of hapan
North Karelian
(Viena) 		hapan
South Karelian
(Tver) 		hapan

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *hap'oin. Cognates include Finnish hapan and Estonian hapu.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈhɑpɑn/
  • Hyphenation: ha‧pan

Adjective

hapan (genitive happamen, partitive hapanta / hapanda, comparative happamampi / happamambi, superlative happamin)

  1. rotten
  2. (North Karelian) sour

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of hapan (type 12/hapan, pp-p gradation)
singular plural
nominative hapan happamet
genitive happamen happamien
partitive hapanta happamie
illative happameh happamih
inessive happamešša happamissa
elative happamešta happamista
adessive happamella happamilla
ablative happamelta happamilta
translative happamekši happamiksi
essive happamina happamina
comitative — happamineh
abessive happametta happamitta
prolative — —
instructive — happamin
Tver Karelian declension of hapan (type 12/hapan, pp-p gradation)
singular plural
nominative hapan happamet
genitive happamen happamien
partitive hapanda happamie
illative happameh happamih
inessive happamešša happamissa
elative happamešta happamista
adessive happamella happamilla
ablative happamelda happamilda
translative happamekši happamiksi
essive happamina happamina
comitative happamenke happaminke
abessive happametta happamitta
prolative happamečči happamičči
instructive — happamin
Possessive forms of hapan
1st person happameni
2nd person happameš
3rd person happameh
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

  • A. V. Punzhina (1994), “hapan”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
  • P. Zaykov; L. Rugoyeva (1999), “hapan”, in Карельско-Русский словарь (Северно-Карельские диалекты) [Karelian-Russian dictionary (North Karelian dialects)], Petrozavodsk, →ISBN
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.