Reconstruction:Xiongnu/tān-wa

This Xiongnu entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Xiongnu

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly:

  • derived from a Proto-Yeniseian compound meaning "Northern ruler."[1] Compare Proto-Yeniseian *tewtɬ < [*tewk-atɬ] (“downriver; North”)[2] and *[ɢej-]qan (“ruler, Khagan”, literally “big-ruler”),[3] for the potential etyma.
  • derived from Proto-Iranian *tark- (“to speak, command”), from Proto-Indo-European *telkʷ-. He also compares a Saka title with the same semantic shift. Compare also Khotanese [script needed] (ttarkana) and Ossetian тӕрхон (tærxon). [4]
  • or derived from a Turkic root meaning "vast as the sky", and compares *𐾀𐽰𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽺𐽹𐽰𐽲 (*tʾrqʾnmʾq /⁠*tarḳan-⁠/) and 𐾀𐽰𐽾𐽲𐽰𐽾𐽹𐽰𐽲 (tʾrqʾrmʾq /⁠tarḳar-⁠/).[5] It should be noted however that the supposed Old Uyghur tarḳan- listed in her work is not found in Wilkens (2021),[6] and Caferoğlu (1968)[7] glosses tarḳan- as "to feel embarrassed, to get tired of, to worry". tarḳar-, meanwhile, is glossed by both as "to expel, to distance oneself from something; to destroy, to expunge". Doerfer, however, doubts a Turkic origin, due to the Turkic forms having an irregular plural.[8]

Noun

*tān-wa[9]

  1. chanyu

Alternative reconstructions

Descendants

  • →? Proto-Turkic: *tarkan (see there for further descendants)
  • →? Sogdian: 𐽂𐽀𐼲𐼴𐼰𐼻 (trɣwʾn)
  • → Chinese: 單于 (chányú)
  • → Mongolian: ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ (darug-a) / дарга (darga, “chief; head; governor”)
    • Persian: داروغه (dārūġa / dâruġe, “governor”)

References

  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2020), “Two Newly Found Xiōng-nú Inscriptions and Their Significance for the Early Linguistic History of Central Asia”, in International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics, volume 2, Leiden: Brill, →DOI, pages 315-322
  2. ^ Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 932
  3. ^ Vajda, Edward; Werner, Heinrich (2022), “*qan (5)”, in Comparative-Historical Yeniseian Dictionary (Languages of the World/Dictionaries; 79, 80), volume 2, Muenchen: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 633
  4. ^ Bailey, Harold Walter (1985), Etymology of Xiongnu Names‎[1], pages 34-35
  5. ^ Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎[2], volume 2, page 9
  6. ^ Wilkens, Jens (2021), Handwörterbuch des Altuigurischen (in German), Göttingen: Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, page 678
  7. ^ Caferoğlu, Ahmet (1968), Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 260) (in Turkish), Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, page 226
  8. ^ Doerfer, Gerhard (1965), Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 19)‎[3] (in German), volume II, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, pages 460-474
  9. ^ Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎[4], volume 2, page 9: “單于 *tān-wa”
  10. ^ Vovin, Alexander (16 March 2015), ONCE AGAIN ON THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TITLE qaγan‎[5], Cracovie: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, page 183
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