Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/valъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

    Probably the convergence of two or more cognate terms, at least some of which reflect Proto-Balto-Slavic *wōlás (o-stem) ~ *wōlús (u-stem), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to revolve”). Cognate with Lithuanian võlas (“clump, rolling, large wave”), dial. Latvian vā̀ls, vâls (“descend”).

    Some descendants have added/innovated (possibly in the post proto-Slavic period) the meaning “barrage, wall” under the influence of akin Latin vallum, Proto-West Germanic *wall.

    Noun

    *vȃlъ m[1][2]

    1. roll, slump, downturn
      Synonym: *katъ
    2. (by extension) wave, billow
    3. (possibly deverbal from *vaľati) roller, cylinder (tool/shape)
      Synonym: *vaľakъ

    Declension

    Both o- and u-stem paradigms are attested, but it is unclear which meaning comes from which declension type:

    Declension of *vȃlъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)
    singular dual plural
    nominative *vȃlъ *vȃla *vȃli
    genitive *vȃla *valù *vãlъ
    dative *vȃlu *valomà *valòmъ
    accusative *vȃlъ *vȃla *vȃly
    instrumental *vȃlъmь, *vȃlomь* *valomà *valý
    locative *vȃlě *valù *valě̃xъ
    vocative *vale *vȃla *vȃli

    * -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

    Declension of *vȃlъ (u-stem, accent paradigm c)
    singular dual plural
    nominative *vȃlъ *vȃly *vȃlove
    genitive *vȃlu *valovù *valòvъ
    dative *vȃlovi *valъmà *vȃlъmъ
    accusative *vȃlъ *vȃly *vȃly
    instrumental *vȃlъmь *valъmà *valъmì
    locative *valú *valovù *vȃlъxъ
    vocative *valu *vȃly *vȃlove

    Derived terms

    • *navalъ
    • *ob(ъ)valъ
    • *orzvalъ
    • *pervalъ
    • *povalъ
    • *provalъ
    • *sъvalъ
    • *zavalъ
    • *valiti (“to fall, to tumble”), *vaľati (“to roll, to scend”)
      • *valežь (“fall”)
      • *valunъ (“boulder”)
    • *valovati (“to roll over, to undulate”)
    • *valъkъ (“cylindrical, rolled up”)
    • *vьlna (“wave”)

    Descendants

    • East Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: валъ (valŭ)
    • South Slavic:
      • Old Church Slavonic: валъ (valŭ)
      • Bulgarian: вал (val)
      • Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: ва̑л
        Latin script: vȃl
      • Slovene: vȃł (tonal orthography)
    • West Slavic:
    • Non-Slavic:
      • → Romanian: val (“wave”)

    References

    1. ^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “valъ valu”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (NA 127, 137; PR 137); d (RPT 99, 103)”
    2. ^ Snoj, Marko (2016), “val”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *vȃlъ”

    Further reading

    • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “вал”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
    • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “вал¹, вал²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 113
    • “volas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
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