Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/wall

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin vallum.

Noun

*wall n

wall, rampart^[1]
Synonym: *mūrā

Inflection

Masculine a-stem
	Singular
Nominative	*wall(a)
Genitive	*wallas
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*wall(a)	*wallōs
Accusative	*wall(a)	*wallā
Genitive	*wallas	*wallō
Dative	*wallē	*wallum
Instrumental	*wallu	*wallum

Descendants

Old English: weall, wall, weal, wal
- Middle English: wal, wale, walle, waule
  - English: wall
  - Geordie: wa
  - Scots: wa, waa, waw
  - Yola: wul, vall
  - → Middle Irish: *balla
    - Irish: balla
    - Manx: boalley
    - Scottish Gaelic: balla
- Middle Welsh: gwal, wal
  - Welsh: gwal, wal
Old Frisian: wall, wal
- North Frisian: wal
- Saterland Frisian: Waal
- West Frisian: wal
Old Saxon: wal, wall
- Middle Low German: wal
  - → Danish: vold
  - → Norwegian: voll
  - → Old Swedish: valder
    - Swedish: vall
      - → Finnish: valli
Old Dutch: *wal
- Middle Dutch: wal
  - Dutch: wal
Old High German: wal
- Middle High German: wal
  - German: Wall
  - Rhine Franconian: Waal

References

^ Miller, D. Gary (13 June 2012), “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 71: “WGmc. *walla-”

[1] Miller, D. Gary (13 June 2012), “Early loanwords from Latin and Greek”, in External Influences on English: From its Beginnings to the Renaissance, Oxford University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, § 4.5, page 71: “WGmc. *walla-”

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