Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vьrtъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Deverbal from *vьrtěti (“to rotate, to turn”), parallel to the o-grade form *vortъ. Cognate with Latin vertex, vortex.

Noun

*vьrtъ m

turn, twirl, circular motion
Synonyms: *vojь, *vьrtežь

Declension

Declension of *vьrtъ (hard o-stem)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*vьrtъ	*vьrta	*vьrti
genitive	*vьrta	*vьrtu	*vьrtъ
dative	*vьrtu	*vьrtoma	*vьrtomъ
accusative	*vьrtъ	*vьrta	*vьrty
instrumental	vьrtъmь, vьrtomь^*	*vьrtoma	*vьrty
locative	*vьrtě	*vьrtu	*vьrtěxъ
vocative	*vьrte	*vьrta	*vьrti

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*vьrtenь (“turnaround”)
*vьrtьcь, *vьrtikъ (diminutive)
*vьrtunъ (“fidget, pivot”)
*vьrtuxa (“whirlwind”)
*vьrtъka (“change of direction, turn”)
*vьrťаti

Related terms

*vьrtežь (“rotatoion, arcing”)
*vьrtělь (“revolution, vortex”)
*vьrtočь (“curl, torsion”)
*vьrtъpъ (“whirlpool”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- ⇒ Russian: кругове́рть f (krugovértʹ)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: врът (vrǎt), връц (vrǎc), връ́тка (vrǎ́tka)
- ⇒ Macedonian: вртка (vrtka)
- ⇒ Slovene: vŕtec (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Polish: wart

Further reading

Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “връц”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 191

Etymology 2

Most likely from Etymology 1 via semantic shift revolution → enclosure → garden, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (“to turn, to rotate”). Cognate with Tocharian B warto (“garden, enclosure, groove”).

Alternatively, per Brandt, possibly a back-formation from Proto-Germanic *wurtigardiz (whence Gothic 𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐍃 (aurtigards), Old English ortġeard), with first element from the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds (“root, plant”). Usually dismissed since corresponding East Slavic descendants exhibit reflexes of Proto-Slavic *vьrtogordъ with root -ь- (rather than expected -ъ-).

Noun

*vьrtъ m

garden
Synonyms: *gordina, *sadъ

Declension

Declension of *vьrtъ (hard o-stem)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*vьrtъ	*vьrta	*vьrti
genitive	*vьrta	*vьrtu	*vьrtъ
dative	*vьrtu	*vьrtoma	*vьrtomъ
accusative	*vьrtъ	*vьrta	*vьrty
instrumental	vьrtъmь, vьrtomь^*	*vьrtoma	*vьrty
locative	*vьrtě	*vьrtu	*vьrtěxъ
vocative	*vьrte	*vьrta	*vьrti

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*vьrtogordъ (“orchard”)

Descendants

South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: врьтъ (vrĭtŭ), врътъ (vrŭtŭ)
- Bulgarian: врът (vrǎt), ворт (vort) (dialectal)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: вр̏т
  
  Latin script: vȑt
- Slovene: vȓt (tonal orthography)
  - ⇒ Slovene: vȓtek, vrtȉč, vrtáča (tonal orthography)

Further reading

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “вертоград”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “врът²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 189
Snoj, Marko (2016), “vrt”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si