Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/toporъ
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
Possible origin:
- Per Brückner,[1] Trubačev, Meillet, Miklošič: Borrowed from Iranian language (Old Persian *tapara-).
- Per Zaliznyak,[2] Martynov[3]: Iranian *tapara is metathesized from *parata, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *paraćúš. Related to Ossetian фӕрӕт (færæt, “axe”), Tocharian B peret (“axe”). See also Chuvash пуртӑ (purt̬ă, “axe”) and Bashkir балта (balta, “axe”), Turkic balta (>? Russian балта (balta), ?балда (balda)).[4]
- Related to Middle Persian [script needed] (tabrak), modern Persian تبر (tabar), Northern Kurdish tevir / Central Kurdish تهڤر (tevir), Baluchi [script needed] (tapar), Eastern Mari товар (tovar), Even тобар (toʙar), Tat тевер and Old Armenian / Armenian տապար (tapar).
- Per Mladenov, Vasmer, Chernykh, Snoj: somehow from *teti (“to beat”), *tepetь. Compare Russian тёпать (tjópatʹ, “тяпать, рубить топором, сечкой”),[5] see also тяпка (tjapka, “hoe”), тяп (tjap, “удар топором, сечкой”)[6].
- From some o-grade noun/verb [Term?] + *-orъ. Compare Czech sochor < *soxa, *kosorъ/*kosořь (: *koserъ/*kosěrъ, *kosyřь?, *kosařь) < *kosa / ?*kositi, *stoborъ < *stebʰ-.
- Compare *čekanъ/*čakanъ < Proto-Common Turkic *čak- (“to strike”) (> Hungarian csákány (“pickaxe”)), Old Irish bïáil (“axe, hatchet”), Proto-Germanic *bilją (“blade; axe; sword”) < *bʰeyH- (“to strike, beat; hew”) / *bʰeyh₂- (> *bidlo).
- Per Зубатый: related to *topati (onomatopoeia), *tъpъtati (<? *(s)tewp-) and possibly Ukrainian тепорити (teporyty, “to drag, to tug”) (: ?Russian тепсти (tepsti, “тянуть, тащить, везти с усилием”)[7]).
Compare *sekyra (“axe”) : ?*sěťi (“to cut, mow”) (> *sěčivo, *dervosěkъ, *drъvosěkъ), *tesla (“adze”) : *tesati (“to hew”) and *oskъrdъ < *(s)kérdʰh₁eti (“to cut”), *bordy <? Proto-Germanic *bardō < ?, *okъša? < Proto-Germanic *akwisī (“axe”). See also *tęti, *drъvotonь (“wood-cutting place”), *kolti, *rǫbiti : ?*remeslo.
Noun
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *topòrъ | *toporà | *toporì |
| genitive | *toporà | *toporù | *topòrъ |
| dative | *toporù | *toporòma | *toporòmъ |
| accusative | *topòrъ | *toporà | *toporỳ |
| instrumental | *toporъ̀mь, *toporòmь* | *toporòma | *topòry |
| locative | *toporě̀ | *toporù | *topòrěxъ |
| vocative | *topore | *toporà | *toporì |
* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.
Derived terms
- *toporišče (“axe pole”)
Related terms
- *tepadlo, *tepadlьnikъ (“bat, beater”)
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- Czech: topor
- Old Polish: topór
- Polish: topór, tąpor (Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Near Masovian, Latowicz, Stoczek, Eastern Lublin, Wysokie), tąpór (Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Near Masovian, Goszczyn, Masovian Borderland, Przytyk, Western Lublin, Ponikwoda, Piotrowice Wielkie, Puławy)
- Silesian: tŏpōr
- Slovak: topor
- Polabian:
- Pomeranian:
- Sorbian:
See also
Further reading
- Melnychuk, O. S., editor (2006), “топір”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volume 5 (Р – Т), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 599
- Chernykh, P. Ja. (1999), “топор”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 2 (панцирь – ящур), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 250
- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “топор”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
References
- ^ Brückner, Aleksander (1927), “topór”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
- ^ Зализняк, А. А. (1962), “Проблемы славяно-иранских языковых отношений древнейшего периода”, in Вопросы славянского языкознания, number 6, Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publishing House, page 40
- ^ В. В. Мартынов (1981), “Балто-славяно-иранские языковые отношения и глоттогенез славян: tesla – sekyra – toporъ 'топор'.”, in Балто-славянские исследования. 1980., Moscow: Nauka, page 26
- ^ Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató, editors (2022), The Turkic Languages, 2 edition, Routledge, , Proto-Turkic and other language families
- ^ Dal, Vladimir (1909), “тети́”, in Толковый Словарь живого великорусскаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 4, товарищество М. О. Вольфъ, page 760
- ^ Dal, Vladimir (1909), “тя́пать”, in Толковый Словарь живого великорусскаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 4, товарищество М. О. Вольфъ, page 906
- ^ Dal, Vladimir (1909), “тепсти́”, in Толковый Словарь живого великорусскаго языка [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 4, товарищество М. О. Вольфъ, page 750
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “toporъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b økse (PR 134)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016), “topor”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *toporъ̏”