Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sila

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *séiˀlāˀ.^[1]

Noun

*sìla f^[1]^[2]^[3]

strength, force

Declension

Declension of *sìla (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*sìla	*sìlě	*sìly
genitive	*sìly	*sìlu	*sìlъ
dative	*sìlě	*sìlama	*sìlamъ
accusative	*sìlǫ	*sìlě	*sìly
instrumental	sìlojǫ, sìlǭ^**	*sìlama	*sìlamī
locative	*sìlě	*sìlu	sìlasъ, sìlaxъ^*
vocative	*sìlo	*sìlě	*sìly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

*silьnъ (“strong”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: сила (sila)
  - Belarusian: сі́ла (síla)
  - Carpathian Rusyn: си́ла (sýla)
    - → Pannonian Rusyn: сила (sila)
  - Russian: си́ла (síla)
  - Ukrainian: си́ла (sýla)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: сила (sila)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱄⰻⰾⰰ (sila)
- Bulgarian: си́ла (síla)
- Macedonian: сила (sila)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: си̏ла
  
  Latin script: sȉla
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): sȉla
  - Chakavian (Orbanići): sȉla
  - Kajkavian (Bednja): sȉlo
- Slovene: síla (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Kashubian: sëła
- Old Czech: síla, síła (alternative writing)
  - Czech: síla
- Old Polish: siła
  - Polish: siła, sieła (Middle Polish)
  - Silesian: siyła, śyła (Steuer's Silesian Alphabet)
- Slovak: sila
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: syła
  - Lower Sorbian: syła

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sìla”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451: “f. ā (a) ‘strength, force’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “sila sily”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 22, 72; PR 132; MP 15f.; RPT 107, 111)”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016), “síla”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *si̋la”

[EDSIL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “*sìla”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 451: “f. ā (a) ‘strength, force’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001), “sila sily”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 22, 72; PR 132; MP 15f.; RPT 107, 111)”

[3] Snoj, Marko (2016), “síla”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *si̋la”

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