Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/lěkъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

    From Proto-Indo-European *loykʷós, cognate with Ancient Greek λοιπός (loipós, “remaining”). Akin to Lithuanian lai̇̃kas (“time”), Latvian laĩks (“time, weather”).

    The only certain meaning is “remaining”. There are varying hypotheses regarding the secondary meanings attested in South Slavic dialects:

    • Bezlaj: Derived from the titual etymology via semantic shift remaining → filtered → fine, delicate.
    • Skok: Dialectal South Slavic innovation, derived from Etymology 2. Possibly related to Romanian oleacă (“a little”).

    It is unclear if modern Bulgarian за́лека (záleka, “subtly, with attention to detail”) (possibly also и́злека (ízleka, “barely”), поле́ка (poléka, “steadily, gradually”)), Serbo-Croatian zȁlijek (“for a while, for a bit”) descend from *lěkъ or are recent corruptions of Proto-Slavic *lьgъkъ (“light”).

    Adjective

    *lě̑kъ[1]

    1. remaining, residual
      (possibly) → fine, detailed
      (perhaps) → delicate, subtle
    Declension
    Indefinite declension of *lěkъ (hard)
    singular masculine feminine neuter
    nominative **lěkъ **lěka **lěko
    genitive **lěka **lěky **lěka
    dative **lěku **lěcě **lěku
    accusative **lěkъ **lěkǫ **lěko
    instrumental **lěkomь **lěkojǫ **lěkomь
    locative **lěcě **lěcě **lěcě
    vocative **lěče **lěko **lěko
    dual masculine feminine neuter
    nominative **lěka **lěcě **lěcě
    genitive **lěku **lěku **lěku
    dative **lěkoma **lěkama **lěkoma
    accusative **lěka **lěcě **lěcě
    instrumental **lěkoma **lěkama **lěkoma
    locative **lěku **lěku **lěku
    vocative **lěka **lěcě **lěcě
    plural masculine feminine neuter
    nominative **lěci **lěky **lěka
    genitive **lěkъ **lěkъ **lěkъ
    dative **lěkomъ **lěkamъ **lěkomъ
    accusative **lěky **lěky **lěka
    instrumental **lěky **lěkami **lěky
    locative **lěcěxъ **lěkaxъ **lěcěxъ
    vocative **lěci **lěky **lěka
    Definite declension of *lěkъ (hard)
    singular masculine feminine neuter
    nominative **lěkъjь **lěkaja **lěkoje
    genitive **lěkajego **lěkyję̇ **lěkajego
    dative **lěkujemu **lěcěji **lěkujemu
    accusative **lěkъjь **lěkǫjǫ **lěkoje
    instrumental **lěkyjimь **lěkǫjǫ **lěkyjimь
    locative **lěcějemь **lěcěji **lěcějemь
    vocative **lěkъjь **lěkaja **lěkoje
    dual masculine feminine neuter
    nominative **lěkaja **lěcěji **lěcěji
    genitive **lěkuju **lěkuju **lěkuju
    dative **lěkyjima **lěkyjima **lěkyjima
    accusative **lěkaja **lěcěji **lěcěji
    instrumental **lěkyjima **lěkyjima **lěkyjima
    locative **lěkuju **lěkuju **lěkuju
    vocative **lěkaja **lěcěji **lěcěji
    plural masculine feminine neuter
    nominative **lěciji **lěkyję̇ **lěkaja
    genitive **lěkъjixъ **lěkъjixъ **lěkъjixъ
    dative **lěkyjimъ **lěkyjimъ **lěkyjimъ
    accusative **lěkyję̇ **lěkyję̇ **lěkaja
    instrumental **lěkyjimi **lěkyjimi **lěkyjimi
    locative **lěkyjixъ **lěkyjixъ **lěkyjixъ
    vocative **lěciji **lěkyję̇ **lěkaja
    Derived terms
    Descendants
    • East Slavic:
      • Old East Slavic: лѣкъ m (lěkŭ), лѣка f (lěka, “account, precise calculation”)
        • Russian: лек m (lek, “remainder”)
    • South Slavic:
      • Old Church Slavonic: *лѣкъ (*lěkŭ) (attested in compounds)
      • ⇒ Bulgarian: ле́чък (léčǎk) (dialectal)
      • Serbo-Croatian:
        Cyrillic script: ле̑к m (“a bit”)
        Latin script: lȇk m (“a bit”)
      • Slovene: lẹ̑k m (“little quantity”) (tonal orthography) (dialectal, substantivized)

    References

    1. ^ Furlan, Metka (2017), “lek²”, in Novi etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika, ZRC SAZU: “Psln. *lě̑k m ‘majhna/neznatna količina’”

    Further reading

    • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “лек”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
    • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*lěka/*lěkъ I”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 14 (*labati – *lěteplъjь), Moscow: Nauka, page 191
    • Zhuravlyov, A. F., editor (2011), “*otъlěkъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 37 (*otъgryzati (sę) – *otъpasti), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 124
    • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “лек¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 351
    • “laikas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012

    Etymology 2

      Standard objection against the Germanic origin is that no Germanic language conveys the instrumental meaning “medicine”.

      Noun

      *lě̃kъ m[1][2][3]

      1. remedy, medicine
      Declension
      Declension of *lě̃kъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm b)
      singular dual plural
      nominative *lě̃kъ *lě̄kà *lě̄cì
      genitive *lě̄kà *lě̄kù *lě̃kъ
      dative *lě̄kù *lě̄kòma *lě̄kòmъ
      accusative *lě̃kъ *lě̄kà *lě̄kỳ
      instrumental *lě̄kъ̀mь, *lě̄kòmь* *lě̄kòma *lě̃ky
      locative *lě̄cě̀ *lě̄kù *lě̃cěxъ
      vocative *lěče *lě̄kà *lě̄cì

      * -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

      Alternative forms
      • *lěka f
      Derived terms
      • *lěčiti (“to cure”)
        • *lěčiteľь (“curer”)
        • *lěčivo (“cure”)
      • *lěčьba, *lěkoba (“treatment, therapy”)
        • *lěčьbьnъ, *lěkobьnъ (“curative, therapeutic”)
      • *lěkati, *lěkovati (“to alleviate, to heal”)
      Descendants
      • East Slavic:
      • South Slavic:
        • Old Church Slavonic:
          Old Cyrillic script: лѣкъ (lěkŭ)
          Glagolitic script: ⰾⱑⰽⱏ (lěkŭ)
        • Bulgarian: лек m (lek); (dialectal) лека́ f (leká)
        • Macedonian: лек (lek)
        • Serbo-Croatian:
          Cyrillic script: ле̑к m
          Latin script: lijȇk, lȇk m
        • Slovene: lẹ̑k (tonal orthography)
      • West Slavic:
        • Old Czech: lék
        • Polish: lek
        • Old Slovak: liek
        • Sorbian:
          Upper Sorbian: lěk
      • Non-Slavic:

      References

      1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia E. (2013), The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic‎[1], Amsterdam - New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 106: “PSl. *lěkъ ‘medicine’ (m. o-stem) (ap B)”
      2. ^ Newerkla, Stefan Michael (2011), “lék”, in Sprachkontakte Deutsch – Tschechisch – Slowakisch: Wörterbuch der deutschen Lehnwörter im Tschechischen und Slowakischen: historische Entwicklung, Beleglage, bisherige und neue Deutungen (Schriften über Sprachen und Texte; 7) (in German), 2nd edition, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, →ISBN, page 104
      3. ^ Snoj, Marko (2016), “lek¹”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *lě̑kъ”

      Further reading

      • Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “лека”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
      • Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1987), “*lěka/*lěkъ II”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 14 (*labati – *lěteplъjь), Moscow: Nauka, page 192
      • Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “лек²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 351
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