Reconstruction:Proto-Ryukyuan/wa

This Proto-Ryukyuan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Ryukyuan

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *wa (“we”, first-person plural).

Reconstruction

According to Thorpe (1983), the daughter languages show variation in the use of this pronoun. Almost all daughter languages generalized this plural as a singular (like in Japanese) except for Yonaguni, which retains the original distinction.

The different descendant forms are likely the product of fusion with various suffixing elements, while the original word is now used as either a nominative or a genitive.

Pronoun

*wa

  2. we

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *wanu
    • Northern Ryukyuan: ᄝᅪᆫ (/⁠wan⁠/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *wakeya
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Kikai: 我きゃ (wakya)
      • Northern Amami Ōshima: 我きゃ (wakya)
      • Okinoerabu: 我きゃ (wakya), 我ちゃ (wacha)
      • Southern Amami Ōshima: 我きゃ (wakya)
      • Tokunoshima: 我っきゃ (wakkya)
      • Yoron: 我ちゃ (wacha)
  • *waCta
    • Northern Ryukyuan:
      • Kunigami: 我ったー (wattā)
      • Okinawan: 我ったー (wattā)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Yonaguni: 我んた (banta)
  • Proto-Ryukyuan: *waya

Descendants

  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai: 我 (wā)
    • Kunigami: 我 (wā)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima: 我 (wā)
    • Okinawan: 我 (wā)
    • Okinoerabu: 我 (wā)
    • Southern Amami Ōshima: 我 (wā)
    • Tokunoshima: 我 (wā)
    • Yoron: 我 (wā)
  • Southern Ryukyuan:
    • Miyako: 我 (bā)
    • Yaeyama: 我 (bā)
    • Yonaguni: 我 (bā)

References

  • Thorpe, Maner Lawton (1983), Ryūkyūan Language History‎[1], Doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California, pages 219, 299

Etymology 2

    From Proto-Japonic *pa (“topic marker”, topic marker).

    Particle

    *wa

    2. topic marker

    Descendants

    • Northern Ryukyuan: 와 (/⁠wa⁠/), 야 (/⁠ja⁠/) (Haytong Ceykwukki, 1501)
      • Kikai: や (ya)
      • Kunigami: や (ya)
      • Northern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)
      • Okinawan: や (ya)
      • Okinoerabu: は (wa)
      • Southern Amami Ōshima: や (ya)
      • Tokunoshima: や (ya)
      • Yoron: や (ya)
    • Southern Ryukyuan:
      • Miyako: あ (a)
      • Yaeyama: あ (a)
      • Yonaguni: や (ya), あ (a)
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