Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/laŋit

This Proto-Malayo-Polynesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *laŋiC.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /laŋit/

Noun

*laŋit

sky (atmosphere above a point)

Descendants

Proto-Philippine: *laŋit
- Northern Luzon
  - Ibanag: langi
  - Ilocano: langit
  - Cordilleran
    - Meso-Cordilleran
      - Kayapa Kallahan: langit
      - Limos Kalinga: langit
      - Lubuagan Kalinga: langit
      - Southern Kalinga: langit
    - Southern Cordilleran
      - Ibaloi: dangit
      - Kankanaey: langit
  - Northeastern Luzon
    - Dupaningan Agta: langet
- Central Luzon
  - Sambali
    - Botolan Sambal: langit
    - Sambali: langit
- Greater Central Philippine
  - Central Philippine
    - Tagalog: langit
    - Bikol
      - Central Bikol: langit
    - Bisayan
      - Alangan: langit
      - Hiligaynon: langit
      - Cebuano: langit
      - Waray-Waray: langit
      - Tausug: langit
  - Manobo
    - Binukid: langit
    - Matigsalug Manobo: langit
  - Danao
    - Maranao: langit
Basap–Barito
- Basap: langit
- Sama–Bajaw
  - Inabaknon: langit
  - Yakan: langit
  - Inner Sulu
    - Pangutaran Sama: langit
    - Central Sama: langit
    - Southern Sama: langit
  - Borneo Coast
    - Mapun: langit
    - West Coast Bajau: langit
- East Barito
  - Tawoyan: langit
  - Ma'anyan: langit
  - Malagasy: lanitra
- West Barito
  - Ngaju: langit
  - Bakumpai: langit
North Bornean
- Northeast Sabah
  - Bonggi: langit
  - Ida'an: langit
- Southwest Sabah
  - Paitanic
    - Tombonuo: langit
    - Upper Kinabatangan: langit
- North Sarawak
  - Bintulu: langit
  - Berawan–Lower Baram
    - Belait: langit
  - Dayic
    - Kelabit: langit
    - Lun Bawang: langit
  - Kenyah
    - Bakung: langit
    - Penan
      - Eastern Penan: langit
      - Western Penan: langit
- Central Sarawak
  - Melanau–Kajang
    - Melanau
      - Central Melanau: langit
      - Kanowit: langit
    - Kajang
      - Kajaman: langit
      - Sekapan: langit
      - Lahanan: langit
  - Punan
    - Punan Aput: langit
    - Punan Bah-Biau: langit
    - Punan Tubu: langit
Kayanic
- Kayan–Murik
  - Kayan
    - Busang Kayan: langit
    - Rejang Kayan: langit
    - Bahau: langit
  - Murik–Merap
    - Murik (Malaysia): langit
    - Punan Merap: laŋayc
- Segai–Modang
  - Segai: langèt
  - Modang: lenget
Land Dayak
- Benyadu–Bekati
  - Benyadu': rangit
  - Bekati': rangit
- Bidayuh
  - Bau Bidayuh: longit
  - Biatah Bidayuh: rangit, rengit
  - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: rangit
- Southern Land Dayak
  - Jangkang: ɣoñɛnt
  - Ribun: hoñiɛ̯ʔ
  - Sanggau: langit
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
- Batak
  - Northern
    - Karo Batak: langit
    - Dairi Batak: langit
  - Southern
    - Simalungun Batak: langit
    - Toba Batak: langit
    - Angkola Batak: langit
    - Mandailing Batak: langit
- Gayo: langit
- Nias: langi
- Mentawai: langit
Lampungic
- Abung: langek
- Komering: langik
- Lampung Api: langik, langit
Malayo-Sumbawan
- Proto-Chamic: *laŋit
  - Acehnese: langèt
  - Coastal Chamic
    - Haroi: lơngĭk
    - Cham
      - Eastern Cham: ꨤꨊꨪꩀ (langik)
      - Western Cham: لاڠيٓک (langik)
  - Highlands Chamic
    - Chru–Northern Chamic
      - Chru: lơngik
      - Northern Chamic
        Northern Roglai: langĩq
        Tsat: ŋiʔ²⁴
  - Jarai–Rhade
    - Bih: angĭt
    - Jarai: rơngĭt
    - Rade: êngĭt
- Proto-Malayic: *laŋit
  - Ibanic
    - Iban: langit
    - Keninjal: langit
    - Seberuang: langit
  - Malayan
    - Brunei Malay: langit
    - Kedah Malay: langit
    - Malay: langit
      - > Indonesian: langit (inherited)
    - Minangkabau: langik
    - Pattani Malay: لاڠيء (laŋiʔ)
  - Urak Lawoi': ลาแงะ (langäq)
- Bali–Sasak
  - Balinese: ᬮᬗᬶᬢ᭄ (langit)
  - Sasak: langit
- Madurese: langnge'
- Sundanese: ᮜᮍᮤᮒ᮪ (langit)
Old Javanese: laṅit
- Javanese: ꦭꦔꦶꦠ꧀ (langit)
South Sulawesi
- Buginese: langiq
- Makassaric
  - Makasar: langi'
  - Selayar: langi'
- Northern
  - Mandar: langi'
  - Mamuju: langi'
  - Massenrempulu
    - Duri: langiq
  - Pitu Ulunna Salu
    - Aralle-Tabulahan: langi'
    - Bambam: langi'
  - Torajan
    - Toraja-Sa'dan: langi'
    - Mamasa: langi'
    - Tae': langi
- Seko
  - Seko Padang: langi
  - Seko Tengah: langiq
Celebic
- Saluan–Banggai
  - Balantak: langit
  - Andio: langit
- Tomini–Tolitoli
  - Tajio: langit
  - Taje: langiti
- Kaili–Pamona
  - Pamona: yangi
  - Uma: langi'
- Bungku–Tolaki
  - Mori Atas: langi
  - Moronene: langi
- Muna–Buton
  - Muna: lani
  - Bonerate: langi
  - South Tukang Besi: langi
Chamorro: långet
Palauan: eanged
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
- Central Malayo-Polynesian
  - Bima: langi
  - Sumba–Flores
    - Weyewa: langita
    - Laboya: langta
  - Timoric
    - Galoli: lanit
    - Leti: lianti
    - Luang: lianti
  - Kei–Tanimbar
    - Yamdena: langit
  - Aru
    - Ujir: langit
  - Central Maluku
    - West
      - Ambelau: lanire
      - Buru (Indonesia): langit
    - East
      - East Seram
        Bobot: lakit
      - Nunusaku
        Kayeli: langit
        
        Patakai–Manusela
        North Nuaulu: nant-e
        
        Three Rivers
        Alune: lanite
        
        Piru Bay
        Kamarian: lanit
        
        Laha (Indonesia): lanita
        
        Hitu: lanit
        
        Asilulu: lanit
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
  - Halmahera-Cenderawasih
    - Halmahera Sea
      - As: lanit
      - Buli (Indonesia): langit
      - Gane: langit
      - Sawai: langét
    - Cenderawasih Bay
      - Dusner: ranet
      - Roon: ranek
  - Proto-Oceanic: *laŋit
    - Admiralty Islands
      - Manus
        Intermediate
        Loniu: lang
        Mokerang: lang
        East
        Nali: yang
        Ere: lang
        Titan: lang
        Lele (New Guinea): yang
        Gele': langi
      - Yapese: laeng, laang
    - Western Oceanic
      - North New Guinea
        Huon Gulf
        Hote: len
        Patep: lag
        Ngero–Vitiaz
        Arop-Lokep: lang
        Schouten
        Manam: lang
        Wogeo: lang
      - Meso-Melanesian
        Kimbe
        Nakanai: lagi
        Meramera: langi
        Muduapa: langi
        New Ireland–Northwest Solomonic
        Tungag–Nalik
        Tigak: langit
        Tabar
        Mandara: rangiti
        St. George
        Ramoaaina: langit
        Siar-Lak: langit
        Northwest Solomonic
        Nehan–North Bougainville
        Solos: nengit
        Nehan: langit
        Halia: langits
        Hakö: ilangit
        Piva–Bannoni
        Lawunuia: nanitsi
        Mono–Uruavan
        Alu: laiti
        Uruava: ranisi
        Choiseul
        Babatana: rani
        Varisi: rani
        Vaghua: rani
        Ririo: rén
        New Georgia–Ysabel
        Simbo: langite
      - Papuan Tip
        Motu: lai
    - Central-Eastern Oceanic
      - Southeast Solomonic
        Guadalcanal
        Talise: langi
        Makira
        Arosi: rangi
      - Southern Oceanic
        Mwerlap: lang
        Mav̋ea: tailangi
      - Proto-Micronesian: *laŋi
        Nuclear Micronesian:
        Marshallese: lan̄
        Kosraean: lucng
        Gilbertese: nang (“cloud”)
        Chuukic-Pohnpeic:
        Proto-Chuukic: *laŋi
        Chuukese: nang (“heaven, sky”)
        Puluwat: láng (“sky, rain”)
        Carolinian: lááng (“heaven”)
        Satawalese: lááng (“sky, heaven”)
        Ulithian-Woleaian:
        Woleaian: lang (“sky, typhoon, rainstorm, wind”)
        Echangese:
        Purepecha: naangi (“sky, heaven”)
        Pohnpeic:
        Pohnpeian: lahng (“sky, heaven”)
        Mokilese: loang (“sky”)
        Pingelapese: laeng (“sky, heaven”)
      - Central Pacific
        West Fijian–Rotuman
        Western Fijian: lagi
        Rotuman: lạgi (long form), lȧg (short form)
        East Fijian–Polynesian
        Fijian: lagi
        Proto-Polynesian: *laŋi
        Tongic
        Niuean: lagi
        Tongan: langi
        Nuclear Polynesian
        Samoic–Outlier
        Ellicean
        Sikaiana: lani
        Takuu: rani
        Tuvaluan: lagi
        Futunic
        Anuta: rangi
        East Futuna: lagi
        Futuna-Aniwa: ragi
        Samoic
        Samoan: lagi
        Tokelauan: lagi
        Eastern Polynesian
        Marquesic
        Hawaiian: lani
        ⇒ Hawaiian: Lani
        → English: Lani
        Mangarevan: ragi
        North Marquesan: ʻaki
        South Marquesan: ʻani
        Tahitic
        Māori: rangi
        Rarotongan: rangi
        Tahitian: raʻi
        Rapa Nui: ragi, rangi