Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/laŋiC

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /laŋit͡s/

Noun

*laŋiC

sky (atmosphere above a point)

Descendants

Tsouic
- Tsou: engʉca
- Saaroa: langica
Puyuma: langitr
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *laŋit
- Proto-Philippine: *laŋit
  - Northern Luzon
    - Ibanag: langi
    - Ilocano: langit
    - Cordilleran
      - Meso-Cordilleran
        Kayapa Kallahan: langit
        Limos Kalinga: langit
        Lubuagan Kalinga: langit
        Southern Kalinga: langit
      - Southern Cordilleran
        Ibaloi: dangit
        Kankanaey: langit
    - Northeastern Luzon
      - Dupaningan Agta: langet
  - Central Luzon
    - Sambali
      - Botolan Sambal: langit
      - Sambali: langit
  - Greater Central Philippine
    - Central Philippine
      - Tagalog: langit
      - Bikol
        Central Bikol: langit
      - Bisayan
        Alangan: langit
        Hiligaynon: langit
        Cebuano: langit
        Waray-Waray: langit
        Tausug: langit
    - Manobo
      - Binukid: langit
      - Matigsalug Manobo: langit
    - Danao
      - Maranao: langit
- Basap–Barito
  - Basap: langit
  - Sama–Bajaw
    - Inabaknon: langit
    - Yakan: langit
    - Inner Sulu
      - Pangutaran Sama: langit
      - Central Sama: langit
      - Southern Sama: langit
    - Borneo Coast
      - Mapun: langit
      - West Coast Bajau: langit
  - East Barito
    - Tawoyan: langit
    - Ma'anyan: langit
    - Malagasy: lanitra
  - West Barito
    - Ngaju: langit
    - Bakumpai: langit
- North Bornean
  - Northeast Sabah
    - Bonggi: langit
    - Ida'an: langit
  - Southwest Sabah
    - Paitanic
      - Tombonuo: langit
      - Upper Kinabatangan: langit
  - North Sarawak
    - Bintulu: langit
    - Berawan–Lower Baram
      - Belait: langit
    - Dayic
      - Kelabit: langit
      - Lun Bawang: langit
    - Kenyah
      - Bakung: langit
      - Penan
        Eastern Penan: langit
        Western Penan: langit
  - Central Sarawak
    - Melanau–Kajang
      - Melanau
        Central Melanau: langit
        Kanowit: langit
      - Kajang
        Kajaman: langit
        Sekapan: langit
        Lahanan: langit
    - Punan
      - Punan Aput: langit
      - Punan Bah-Biau: langit
      - Punan Tubu: langit
- Kayanic
  - Kayan–Murik
    - Kayan
      - Busang Kayan: langit
      - Rejang Kayan: langit
      - Bahau: langit
    - Murik–Merap
      - Murik (Malaysia): langit
      - Punan Merap: laŋayc
  - Segai–Modang
    - Segai: langèt
    - Modang: lenget
- Land Dayak
  - Benyadu–Bekati
    - Benyadu': rangit
    - Bekati': rangit
  - Bidayuh
    - Bau Bidayuh: longit
    - Biatah Bidayuh: rangit, rengit
    - Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: rangit
  - Southern Land Dayak
    - Jangkang: ɣoñɛnt
    - Ribun: hoñiɛ̯ʔ
    - Sanggau: langit
- Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
  - Batak
    - Northern
      - Karo Batak: langit
      - Dairi Batak: langit
    - Southern
      - Simalungun Batak: langit
      - Toba Batak: langit
      - Angkola Batak: langit
      - Mandailing Batak: langit
  - Gayo: langit
  - Nias: langi
  - Mentawai: langit
- Lampungic
  - Abung: langek
  - Komering: langik
  - Lampung Api: langik, langit
- Malayo-Sumbawan
  - Proto-Chamic: *laŋit
    - Acehnese: langèt
    - Coastal Chamic
      - Haroi: lơngĭk
      - Cham
        Eastern Cham: ꨤꨊꨪꩀ (langik)
        Western Cham: لاڠيٓک (langik)
    - Highlands Chamic
      - Chru–Northern Chamic
        Chru: lơngik
        Northern Chamic
        Northern Roglai: langĩq
        Tsat: ŋiʔ²⁴
    - Jarai–Rhade
      - Bih: angĭt
      - Jarai: rơngĭt
      - Rade: êngĭt
  - Proto-Malayic: *laŋit
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: langit
      - Keninjal: langit
      - Seberuang: langit
    - Malayan
      - Brunei Malay: langit
      - Kedah Malay: langit
      - Malay: langit
        > Indonesian: langit (inherited)
      - Minangkabau: langik
      - Pattani Malay: لاڠيء (laŋiʔ)
    - Urak Lawoi': ลาแงะ (langäq)
  - Bali–Sasak
    - Balinese: ᬮᬗᬶᬢ᭄ (langit)
    - Sasak: langit
  - Madurese: langnge'
  - Sundanese: ᮜᮍᮤᮒ᮪ (langit)
- Old Javanese: laṅit
  - Javanese: ꦭꦔꦶꦠ꧀ (langit)
- South Sulawesi
  - Buginese: langiq
  - Makassaric
    - Makasar: langi'
    - Selayar: langi'
  - Northern
    - Mandar: langi'
    - Mamuju: langi'
    - Massenrempulu
      - Duri: langiq
    - Pitu Ulunna Salu
      - Aralle-Tabulahan: langi'
      - Bambam: langi'
    - Torajan
      - Toraja-Sa'dan: langi'
      - Mamasa: langi'
      - Tae': langi
  - Seko
    - Seko Padang: langi
    - Seko Tengah: langiq
- Celebic
  - Saluan–Banggai
    - Balantak: langit
    - Andio: langit
  - Tomini–Tolitoli
    - Tajio: langit
    - Taje: langiti
  - Kaili–Pamona
    - Pamona: yangi
    - Uma: langi'
  - Bungku–Tolaki
    - Mori Atas: langi
    - Moronene: langi
  - Muna–Buton
    - Muna: lani
    - Bonerate: langi
    - South Tukang Besi: langi
- Chamorro: långet
- Palauan: eanged
- Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
  - Central Malayo-Polynesian
    - Bima: langi
    - Sumba–Flores
      - Weyewa: langita
      - Laboya: langta
    - Timoric
      - Galoli: lanit
      - Leti: lianti
      - Luang: lianti
    - Kei–Tanimbar
      - Yamdena: langit
    - Aru
      - Ujir: langit
    - Central Maluku
      - West
        Ambelau: lanire
        Buru (Indonesia): langit
      - East
        East Seram
        Bobot: lakit
        Nunusaku
        Kayeli: langit
        Patakai–Manusela
        North Nuaulu: nant-e
        Three Rivers
        Alune: lanite
        Piru Bay
        Kamarian: lanit
        Laha (Indonesia): lanita
        Hitu: lanit
        Asilulu: lanit
  - Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
    - Halmahera-Cenderawasih
      - Halmahera Sea
        As: lanit
        Buli (Indonesia): langit
        Gane: langit
        Sawai: langét
      - Cenderawasih Bay
        Dusner: ranet
        Roon: ranek
    - Proto-Oceanic: *laŋit
      - Admiralty Islands
        Manus
        Intermediate
        Loniu: lang
        Mokerang: lang
        East
        Nali: yang
        Ere: lang
        Titan: lang
        Lele (New Guinea): yang
        Gele': langi
        Yapese: laeng, laang
      - Western Oceanic
        North New Guinea
        Huon Gulf
        Hote: len
        Patep: lag
        Ngero–Vitiaz
        Arop-Lokep: lang
        Schouten
        Manam: lang
        Wogeo: lang
        Meso-Melanesian
        Kimbe
        Nakanai: lagi
        Meramera: langi
        Muduapa: langi
        New Ireland–Northwest Solomonic
        Tungag–Nalik
        Tigak: langit
        Tabar
        Mandara: rangiti
        St. George
        Ramoaaina: langit
        Siar-Lak: langit
        Northwest Solomonic
        Nehan–North Bougainville
        Solos: nengit
        Nehan: langit
        Halia: langits
        Hakö: ilangit
        Piva–Bannoni
        Lawunuia: nanitsi
        Mono–Uruavan
        Alu: laiti
        Uruava: ranisi
        Choiseul
        Babatana: rani
        Varisi: rani
        Vaghua: rani
        Ririo: rén
        New Georgia–Ysabel
        Simbo: langite
        Papuan Tip
        Motu: lai
      - Central-Eastern Oceanic
        Southeast Solomonic
        Guadalcanal
        Talise: langi
        Makira
        Arosi: rangi
        Southern Oceanic
        Mwerlap: lang
        Mav̋ea: tailangi
        Proto-Micronesian: *laŋi
        Nuclear Micronesian:
        Marshallese: lan̄
        Kosraean: lucng
        Gilbertese: nang (“cloud”)
        Chuukic-Pohnpeic:
        Proto-Chuukic: *laŋi
        Chuukese: nang (“heaven, sky”)
        Puluwat: láng (“sky, rain”)
        Carolinian: lááng (“heaven”)
        Satawalese: lááng (“sky, heaven”)
        Ulithian-Woleaian:
        Woleaian: lang (“sky, typhoon, rainstorm, wind”)
        Echangese:
        Purepecha: naangi (“sky, heaven”)
        Pohnpeic:
        Pohnpeian: lahng (“sky, heaven”)
        Mokilese: loang (“sky”)
        Pingelapese: laeng (“sky, heaven”)
        Central Pacific
        West Fijian–Rotuman
        Western Fijian: lagi
        Rotuman: lạgi (long form), lȧg (short form)
        East Fijian–Polynesian
        Fijian: lagi
        Proto-Polynesian: *laŋi
        Tongic
        Niuean: lagi
        Tongan: langi
        Nuclear Polynesian
        Samoic–Outlier
        Ellicean
        Sikaiana: lani
        Takuu: rani
        Tuvaluan: lagi
        Futunic
        Anuta: rangi
        East Futuna: lagi
        Futuna-Aniwa: ragi
        Samoic
        Samoan: lagi
        Tokelauan: lagi
        Eastern Polynesian
        Marquesic
        Hawaiian: lani
        ⇒ Hawaiian: Lani
        → English: Lani
        Mangarevan: ragi
        North Marquesan: ʻaki
        South Marquesan: ʻani
        Tahitic
        Māori: rangi
        Rarotongan: rangi
        Tahitian: raʻi
        Rapa Nui: ragi, rangi

References

Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary — *laŋiC