Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/akris

This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Italic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱrós, with an unexpected change to i-stem declension. According to De Vaan, the shift to the i-stem may have occurred due to the analogy of *okris. However, the explanation for the initial long vowel in Latin is still unclear. The linguist Frank Heidermanns argues that the term emerged from the affixation of *-is to a noun *akros. According to Heidermanns, who reconstructs the term as *ākris, the lengthening of the initial vowel is reflective of the alternation found in terms such as *sakros and *sākris.^[1]

Adjective

*akris (comparative *akrjōs, superlative *akrisemos)^[2]^[3]

sharp
sour-tasting

Declension

Declension of *akris (i-stem)
singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*akris	*akris	*akre
vocative	*akris	*akris	*akre
accusative	*akrim	*akrim	*akre
genitive	*akreis	*akreis	*akrjes
dative	*akrei	*akrei	*akrei
ablative	*akrīd	*akrīd	*akrīd
locative	*akrei	*akrei	*akrei

plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*akrēs	*akrēs	*akrjā
vocative	*akrēs	*akrēs	*akrjā
accusative	*akrins	*akrins	*akrjā
genitive	*akrjom	*akrjom	*akrjom
dative	*akriβos	*akriβos	*akriβos
ablative	*akriβos	*akriβos	*akriβos
locative	*akriβos	*akriβos	*akriβos

Alternative reconstructions

*ākris

Descendants

Latin: ācer (with irregular lengthening of the vowel) (see there for further descendants)
Oscan: akrid (“sharply”, abl.sg.)
⇒? Umbrian: 𐌐𐌄𐌓𐌀𐌊𐌓𐌄 (perakre)

References

^ Frank Heidermanns (2002), “Nominal Composition in Sabellic and Proto–Italic”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎^[1], volume 100, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, page 192
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ācer, -is, -e”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 22
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 69

[1] Frank Heidermanns (2002), “Nominal Composition in Sabellic and Proto–Italic”, in Transactions of the Philological Society‎^[1], volume 100, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, page 192

[2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “ācer, -is, -e”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 22

[3] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 69

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