Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-jōs

This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Italic

Etymology

    From Proto-Indo-European *-yōs ~ *-is-.

    Suffix

    *-jōs

    1. Forms comparative adjectives.

    Declension

    Declension of *-jōs (consonant stem)
    singular masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *-jōs *-jōs *-jos
    vocative *-jōs *-jōs *-jos
    accusative *-jozem *-jozem *-jos
    genitive *-jozes, -jozos *-jozes, -jozos *-jozes, -jozos
    dative *-jozei *-jozei *-jozei
    ablative *-jozi? -joze? *-jozi? -joze? *-jozi? -joze?
    locative *-jozi? -joze? *-jozi? -joze? *-jozi? -joze?
    plural masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *-jozes *-jozes *-jozā
    vocative *-jozes *-jozes *-jozā
    accusative *-jozens *-jozens *-jozā
    genitive *-jozom *-jozom *-jozom
    dative *-jozəβos *-jozβos *-jozβos
    ablative *-jozəβos *-jozβos *-jozβos
    locative *-jozəβos *-jozβos *-jozβos

    Alternatively:

    Declension of *-jōs (consonant stem)
    singular masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *-jōs *-jōs *-jes
    vocative *-jōs *-jōs *-jes
    accusative *-jezem *-jezem *-jes
    genitive *-jezes, -jezos *-jezes, -jezos *-jezes, -jezos
    dative *-jezei *-jezei *-jezei
    ablative *-jezi? -jeze? *-jezi? -jeze? *-jezi? -jeze?
    locative *-jezi? -jeze? *-jezi? -jeze? *-jezi? -jeze?
    plural masculine feminine neuter
    nominative *-jezes *-jezes *-jezā
    vocative *-jezes *-jezes *-jezā
    accusative *-jezens *-jezens *-jezā
    genitive *-jezom *-jezom *-jezom
    dative *-jezəβos *-jezβos *-jezβos
    ablative *-jezəβos *-jezβos *-jezβos
    locative *-jezəβos *-jezβos *-jezβos
    • There is conflicting evidence for the form of this suffix's oblique stem in Proto-Italic. In PIE, cases other than the nominative/vocative/accusative may have originally been formed with a zero-grade stem *-is-; compare the adverb *magis (“more”), probably originally an accusative neuter singular form of *magjōs (“more”, adjective). The inflection of Latin comparative adjectives displays an oblique stem -iōr-, from rhotacism of pre-Latin *-iōs-/-jōs-, assumed to have been leveled from the masculine/feminine nominative singular; compare the same leveling in Latin -tor from *-tōr. The Latin neuter nom/voc/acc singular form -ius must have developed from pre-Latin *-jos-, with short o-grade. Some Latin derived terms such as maiusculus also display an o-grade stem of this suffix, whereas other Latin derived terms such as maiestās display an e-grade form going back to pre-Latin *-jes-.

    Descendants

    • Latin: -ior
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