Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/spr̥Hgah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *sperh₂g- (“to crack, burst open, sprout”). Cognate with Sanskrit स्फूर्ज् (sphūrj, “to burst forth, appear; to rumble, roar”).[1]

Noun

*spr̥Hgah m[2]

  1. sprout, bloom
  2. burst

Inflection

masculine a-stem
singular dual plural
nominative *spr̥Hgah *spr̥Hgā(w) *spr̥Hgāh(ah)
vocative *spr̥Hga *spr̥Hgā(w) *spr̥Hgāh(ah)
accusative *spr̥Hgam *spr̥Hgā(w) *spr̥Hgānh
instrumental *spr̥HgaH *spr̥Hgaybʰyā(m) *spr̥Hgāyš
ablative *spr̥Hgāt *spr̥Hgaybʰyā(m) *spr̥Hgaybʰyah
dative *spr̥Hgāy *spr̥Hgaybʰyā(m) *spr̥Hgaybʰyah
genitive *spr̥Hgahya *spr̥Hgayāh *spr̥HgānaHam
locative *spr̥Hgay *spr̥Hgayaw *spr̥Hgayšu
  • *spr̥Hgmáh (“flower”)
  • *spr̥Hǰati
    • Wakhi: sprəẓ̌dik, spərẓ̌dik (“to blossom, burst, bloom”)
    • >? Shughni: х̌ипире̂jик (x̌ipirêjik, “to split, cleave”)
    • ⇒ Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫘𐫛𐫡𐫉𐫀𐫅 (wysprzʾd /⁠wisparzād⁠/, “sprouted, sprung”, pp2.)
    • ⇒ *spr̥Hnǰáti[3]
      • Sogdian: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐽀𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼿𐼰𐼷𐼻𐽂 (ʾsprʾyncʾynt /⁠ᵊsprenčēnd⁠/, “to develop, burst, appear”, 3pl.pres.dur.)
        • ⇒ Sogdian: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐽀𐼰𐼷𐼻𐼿𐼻 (ʾsprʾyncn /⁠ᵊsprenčən⁠/, “lightning”)
      • → Khowar: اِسپرِنْجِک (isprenjik), اِشپْرِنژِک (išprenžik, “to blossom”)
  • *spr̥Hxšati[4][5]
    • Khwarezmian: 𐾲𐾰𐿃𐾹𐾰𐾺 (mšpxšd, “to radiate”, 3sg.pres.impf.)
    • ⇒ Khwarezmian: 𐾰𐾴𐿃𐾹𐾰𐿄 (šʿpxšt, “to bloom; to light up, brighten up”, 3sg.pres.impf.)
    • ⇒ Sogdian: 𐫀𐫘𐫛𐫡𐫟𐫘 (ʾsprxs, “a bud, shoot, twig”)
  • *spr̥Hxtáh[6]
    • ⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (haṣprīyä, “bloomed”)
    • >? Yazghulami: х̌преғ (x̌preɣ, “cracked, split”)
    • ⇒ Parthian: 𐫇𐫏𐫘𐫛𐫡𐫏𐫟𐫤 (wyspryxt /⁠wisprixt⁠/, “sprouted, sprung”, ppp.)
  • *spr̥Hxti[7]
    • ⇒ Khotanese: *ṣprīśtä (s-incohative)
      • ⇒ Late Khotanese: [script needed] (guṣprrīs-, “to spread out”)
      • ⇒ Old Khotanese: [script needed] (haṣprrīs-, “to bloom”)
        • Late Khotanese: [script needed] (haṣprīs-)
      • ⇒ Late Khotanese: [script needed] (vaṣprīś-, “to burst”)
    • ⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (haṣpalgy-, “to make bloom”, causative)

Descendants

  • Central Iranian:
    • Younger Avestan: 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 m (sparəγa, “sprout (of an arrow point)”)
      • ⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬖𐬀 (frasparəγa, “twig, offshoot”)
  • Northeastern Iranian:
    • Proto-Scythian: *sparɣi
      • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *sparɣi
        • Proto-Saka: *ṣparɣi
          • Khotanese: [script needed] (ṣparggä, “noise, twang”) (unexpected -g-)
        • Wakhi: sprəɣ̌ (“flower”)
          • → Khowar: اِسپرُو (isprū, “fruit-blossom”)[8]
    • ⇒ Sogdian: 𐼰𐼼𐼾𐽀𐼲𐼸𐼰 (ʾsprɣkʾ /⁠ᵊspərɣk⁠/, “clever, outstanding”)
  • Southeastern Iranian:
    • Pashto: سپرغۍ (sparǧəy, “spark”)
  • Southwestern Iranian:
    • Old Persian: *spargah
      • →? Ancient Greek: ἀσφάρᾰγος (asphárăgos, “asparagus, young shoot”), σφάραγγος (sphárangos) [Cratinus, 5th c. BCE] (see there for further descendants)

References

  1. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*(H)spar(H)ǰ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 198-199
  2. ^ Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “sprəɣ̌”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, page 315: “Др.-ир. *spr̥γ(a)-; *fra-sparǰaya- < *fra-sparg- ― Dr.-ir. *spr̥γ(a)-; *fra-sparǰaya- < *fra-sparg-”
  3. ^ Morgenstierne, G[eorg] (1936), “Iranian elements in Khowar”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London‎[1], volume 8, number 2/3, page 246 of 657–671: “Ir. *sprenǰa(ya)-”
  4. ^ Dresden, Mark J. (1955), “The Jātakastava or "Praise of the Buddha's Former Births": Indo-Scythian (Khotanese) Text, English Translation, Grammatical Notes, and Glossaries”, in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, volume 45, number 5, University of Pennsylvania Press, →DOI, page 485: “*-spṛxs-; *fra-spṛxta-”
  5. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1975), “Khwarezmian imperfect stems”, in Mélanges linguistiques offerts à Émile Benveniste (Collection Linguistique publiée par la Société de Linguistique de Paris; LXX), Louvain: Éditions Peeters, page 394: “'*fra-spṛxsa-”
  6. ^ Bailey, H. W. (1979), “haṣpalgy-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 473: “*spr̥xta-”
  7. ^ Steblin-Kamenskij, I.M. (1999), “sprəẓ̌- : sprəẓ̌d- : spərẓ̌- : spərẓ̌d-̌”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ vaxanskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Wakhi Language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Peterburgskoje Vostokovedenije, →ISBN, page 315: “*spr̥γ(ya)-”
  8. ^ Morgenstierne, G[eorg] (1936), “Iranian elements in Khowar”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London‎[2], volume 8, number 2/3, page 246 of 657–671

Further reading

  • Cathcart, Chundra Aroor (2015), Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry (PhD dissertation)‎[3], Berkeley: University of California at Berkeley, pages 99-100
  • Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎[4], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 180
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