Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/gā́wš

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gā́wš, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷṓws.

Noun

*gā́wš f

cow

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gā́wš	*gā́wā(w)	*gā́wah
vocative	*gáw	*gā́wā(w)	*gā́wah
accusative	*gā́m	*gā́wā(w)	*gáwah
instrumental	*gáwaH	*gáwbʰyā(m)	*gáwbʰiš
ablative	*gáwah	*gáwbʰyā(m)	*gáwbʰyaH
dative	*gáway	*gáwbʰyā(m)	*gáwbʰyaH
genitive	*gáwah	*gáwHāh	*gáwaHam
locative	*gáwi	*gáwHaw	*gáwšu

Derived terms

*gawštaH (“meat, flesh”)
*gā́wkah (“calf; cow”)
- Ossetian:
  Digor Ossetian: гъог (ǧog)
  
  Iron Ossetian: хъуг (qug)
- Khwarezmian: غوک (γwk /⁠*γawk, *γuk⁠/)
- Shughni: [script needed] (γüej, “deer, horned wild animal”)
- Baluchi: گوک (gúk, gok)
- Old Mazanderani: گوک (guk)
  - Mazanderani: گوک (gowk, gūk, “calf”)
- Classical Persian: گوگ (gōg), گوک (gôk, “calf”)
*gā́waj(án)ah (“ox-goad”) (Cognate with Sanskrit गवजन (gavájana, “whip, stick for driving cattle”))
- Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬁𐬰𐬀 (gauuāza)
- Parthian: 𐫃𐫇𐫀𐫉 (gwʾz /⁠gawāz⁠/, “goad, prod”) (Cf. with Parthian 𐫟𐫡𐫀𐫉𐫗 (xrʾzn /⁠xarāzan⁠/, “donkey-goad”))
  - → Old Armenian: գաւ-ազան (gaw-azan, “stick for driving animals”) (Cf. with Old Armenian խար-ազան (xar-azan, “donkey-goad; stick for driving animals”))
  - → Classical Persian: گواز (gawāz), گوازه (gavâza)
    - → Arabic: جواز (jawāz), جوازق (jawāzaq)
    - → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܓܵܒ݂ܲܙܵܐ (gavāza), ܠܵܒ݂ܲܙܵܐ (lavāza)

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬊 (gao)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (gūha, “ox”), [script needed] (gūhā, “cow”)
  - Wakhi: ɣ̌ыu
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: γαοι (gaoi /⁠gāw⁠/)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/⁠ɣāw; ɣaw, ɣow⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫄𐫀𐫇 (ɣʾw)
      
      Sogdian script: 𐼲𐼰𐼴 (ɣʾw)
      
      Syriac script: ܮܐܘ (γʾw), ܮܘ (γw)
    - Yaghnobi: ғов (γow)
      - → Classical Persian: غاو (γāw)
Southeastern Iranian
- Ormuri-Parachi:
  - Ormuri: گوی (gōī)
  - Parachi: گو (gū)
- Pashto: غوا (ghwā)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
  - Yidgha: غوو (γavō)
  - Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
    - Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
      - Sarikoli: žaw
      - Shughni: з̌ов̌ (žōw)
    - Yazghulami: ғев̌ (ɣew)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Kurdish:
  Central Kurdish: گا (ga)
  
  Laki: گا (ga), گۊ (gü)
  
  Northern Kurdish: ga
  
  Southern Kurdish: گا (ga)
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Caspian:
    - Gilaki: گا (gå), گو (gow), گاب (gåb)
    - Old Mazanderani: گو (guw)
      - Mazanderani: گو (gow)
  - Sangisari: گو (gow)
  - Old Median:
    - Kermanic: (Isfahani) گاب (gāb), gu, (Kermani, Zoroastrian Dari) gow
    - Old Azari: گاو (gāw)
      - Harzani: گو (göw)
      - Karingani: غو (γo)
    - Talysh: (/⁠gāv⁠/)
      Arabic script: گاو
      
      Latin script: gav
  - Parthian: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw /⁠gāw⁠/)
  - Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
    - Gurani: گاۋ (gāʋ)
    - Zazaki: ga
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *gāuš
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠gāw⁠/) (< OP acc. *gāvam^[1])
    Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫀𐫇 (gʾw)
    Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (TWRA)
    Pazend script: 𐬔𐬃 (gā̊)
    - Lurish:
      Northern Luri: گاۏ (gaw)
      - Silakhori: گۏ (gw)
      Bakhtiari: گاۏ (gaw)
      Southern Luri: گا (gā)
    - Classical Persian: گاو (gāw)
      Dari: گاو (gāw)
      Persian: گاو (gâv), گاب (gâb) (perhaps via Northwestern)
      Tajik: гов (gov)
      - → Gilaki: گاو (gåv)

^ Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017), Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 59: “OP *gāvam”

[1] Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017), Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 59: “OP *gāvam”

[1]