Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/pŕ̥ts

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Leveled from Proto-Indo-European *pér-t-s ~ *pr̥-t-és (“beating”), from earlier acrostatic *pór-t-s ~ *pér-t-s, from *per- (“to beat”) +‎ *-ts (t-stem action noun suffix).^[1]

Noun

*pŕ̥ts f^[1]^[2]

fight, struggle, battle

Related terms

*parwans
- Proto-Iranian: *parwans
  - Khotanese: [script needed] pl (parva, “fighters”)
*pr̥náwti^[3]
- Proto-Iranian: *pr̥náwti
  - Khotanese: [script needed] (pūrrūṃ), [script needed] (pūrūṃ, 1sg.pres.act.), [script needed] (purrī, 2sg.pres.act.), [script needed] (purdai), [script needed] (purrda), [script needed] (pūrrda̮, pret.), [script needed] (parrde, “win, conquer, overcome”, inf.)
    - ⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (avurrda̮), [script needed] (avaurrdä), [script needed] (avurde), [script needed] (avurda, “not overcome, unconquered”)
    - ⇒ Khotanese: [script needed] (purāma, “army”)
*pr̥nátay
- Proto-Iranian: *pr̥nátay
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬈 (pər^əne, 1sg.pres.ind.med.), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (pərəṇte, 3pl.pres.ind.med.), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬁𐬌𐬙𐬈 (pər^ənāⁱte, 3du.pres.ind.med.), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬁𐬌 (pər^ənāi), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬁𐬥𐬈 (pər^ənāne, 1sg.pres.subj.med.), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (pər^ənəmna, “to fight, struggle”, ptc.pres.med.)
*pr̥tátay^[1]
- Proto-Iranian: *pr̥tátay
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬈 (pər^ətəṇte, 3pl.pres.ind.med.), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬙𐬀 (pər^ətata, 3sg.pres.inj.med.), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬆𐬨𐬥𐬀 (pər^ətəmna, ptc.pres.med.)
  - ⇒ Sogdian: 𐼰𐼾𐽀𐽂𐼸 (ʾprtk /⁠ᵊpəʳtē⁠/, “indebted”)
  - ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫅 (nbrdʾd /⁠nibardād⁠/, pp.2)
- ⇒ *pāpr̥tátay
  - Proto-Iranian: *pāpr̥tátay
    - Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬁𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁𐬥𐬀 (pāpər^ətāna, ptc.pres.med.)
*wipāras
- Proto-Iranian: *wipārah^[3]
  - →? Old Armenian: գուպար (gupar, “fight, battle”)^[4]

Derived terms

*pŕ̥tanaH (“battle, fight”)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥tanaH (“battle”)
  - Sanskrit: पृतना f (pṛ́tanā), पृतन m (pṛ́tana)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: पृतन्यति (pṛtanyáti, “to fight”)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: पृतन्या (pṛtanyā, “army”)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: पृतन्यु (pṛtanyú, “enemy”)
- Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥tanaH
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬁 f (pəṣ̌anā)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pŕ̥ts
- Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛt)
Proto-Iranian: *pŕ̥ts
- Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬀 (pər^ətasca, instr.pl.)
- ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *nipŕ̥ts
  - Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫡𐫅 (nbrd /⁠nibard⁠/)
    - → Old Armenian: նպերտ (npert)
    - ⇒ Parthian: 𐫗𐫁𐫡𐫅𐫃 (nbrdg /⁠nibardag⁠/, “warlike, contentious”)
  - Old Persian: *nipr̥tah^[5]
    - Middle Persian: (/⁠nibard⁠/)
      Manichaean script: 𐫗𐫁𐫡𐫅 (nbrd)
      
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (nplt')
      - Persian: نبرد (nabard) (see there for further descendants)
      - ⇒ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (npltk' /⁠nibardag⁠/, “tried, experienced”)
      - ⇒ Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (npltytn' /⁠nibardīdan⁠/, “to fight, do battle”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Vijūnas, Aurelijus (2009), The Indo-European Primary T-Stems‎^[1], Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN: “*pr̥t-éntoi; Proto-Indo-Iranian *pŕ̥t-anā-”
^ Andrés-Toledo, Miguel Ángel (2009), Cantera Glera, Alberto, editor, Critical Edition, Translation and Commentary of the Avestan and Pahlavi Texts (PhD thesis), Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, →DOI, pages 335-336: “IIr. *pŕ̥t- “fight””
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Bailey, H. W. (1979), “purr-”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 244: “present pr̥nu- > purr-; *vipā̆ra-”
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*par³”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 294
^ Rezai Baghbidi, Hassan (2017), Middle Persian Historical Phonology, Osaka: Osaka University, page 41: “OP *ni-pr̥ta- > MP nibard ‘fight, struggle, battle’”