Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hyawdʰ-

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey-

Proto-Indo-European *h₂óyu

Proto-Indo-European *h₂yew-

Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hyawdʰ-

From Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ- (“to move, to be agitated”).^[1]

Root

*Hyawdʰ-

to fight, to battle
to struggle

Derived terms

*Hyáwdʰati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyáwdʰati
  - Sanskrit: योधति (yodhati)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hyáwdati
  - Old Persian: [script needed] (yaudatīy)
*Hyúdʰyati
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyúdʰyati
  - Sanskrit: युध्यति (yudhyati), युध्यते (yudhyate)
    - Pali: yujjhati
    - Magadhi Prakrit:
      - Assamese: যুঁজা (zũza)
    - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀇 (jujjhaï)
    - Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛𑀤𑀺 (jujjhadi)
      - Gujarati: ઝૂઝવું (jhūjhvũ)
      - Hindi: जूझना (jūjhnā)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hyúdyati
  - Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬌𐬜𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (yūⁱδiieⁱti)
*Hyudʰyás
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyudʰyás
  - Sanskrit: युध्य (yudhyá)
    - Magadhi Prakrit:
      - Bengali: যুঝা (jujha)
      - Middle Assamese: যুঝ (zuzh)
        Assamese: যুঁজ (zũz)
    - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀚𑁆𑀛 (jujjha)
    - Sauraseni Prakrit:
      - Hindi: जूझ (jūjh)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hyudyáh
  - Avestan: 𐬫𐬎𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬀 (yudiia)
*Hyudᶻdʰás (“fought”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyuddʰás
  - Sanskrit: युद्ध (yuddhá)
    - Kashmiri: یۆد (yod)
    - Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀚𑀼𑀤𑁆𑀥 (juddha)
*Hyawdʰás (“warrior”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰás
  - Sanskrit: योध (yodhá)
- Proto-Iranian: *Hyawdáh
  - Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬞𐬁-𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (aspā-iiaoδa, “horse warrior”)
Unsorted formations:
- Iranian:
  - Khotanese: 𑀚𑀼𑀯𑁆- (juv-, “to fight”)
  - Parthian: yws- (“to battle”), ywd- (“to strive for”)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hyawdʰ-
- Sanskrit: युध् (yudh) (zero grade)
Proto-Iranian: *Hyawd-
- Avestan: 𐬫𐬏𐬜- (yūδ-)
- Persian: جستن (justan,jōy-, “to search, seek”)

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yodh-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 619

[IAIL-1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011), “yodh-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, page 619

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