Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/Hásti

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Verb

*Hásti (root *Has-)

to be

Inflection

Present forms of *Hásti

	Active			Middle			Passive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
1st	*Hásmi	*Hswás	*Hsmás	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
2nd	*Hási	*Hstʰás	*Hstʰá	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
3rd	*Hásti	*Hstás	*Hsánti	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
Imperative
1st	*HásaHni	*HásaHwa	*HásaHma	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
2nd	*Hzdʰí	*Hstám	*Hstá	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
3rd	*Hstú	*Hstā́m	*Hsántu	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
Optative
1st	*HsyáHm	*HsyáHwa	*HsyáHma	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
2nd	*HsyáHs	*HsyáHtam	*HsyáHta	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
3rd	*HsyáHt	*HsyáHtām	*Hsyúnt	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
Participles	*Hsáns			*-			*-

Imperfect forms of *Hásti

	Active			Middle			Passive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
1st	*áHasam	*áHaswa	*áHasma	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
2nd	*áHasiHs	*áHastam	*áHasta	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-
3rd	*áHasiHt	*áHastām	*áHasant	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-	*-

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hásti
- Sanskrit: अस्ति (ásti)
  - Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀢𑀺 (asti)
    - Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀺 (atthi)
      - Central Indo-Aryan:
        Old Hindi: आथना (āthanā)
        Hindustani:
        Hindi: आथना (āthnā)
        Urdu: آتْھنا (āthnā)
      - Insular Indo-Aryan:
        Sinhalese: ඇති (æti)
      - Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
        Sindhi:
        Khudabadi script: 𑊰𑋎 (atha)
        Devanagari script: अथ (atha)
        Arabic script: اَٿَ (atha)
      - Southern Indo-Aryan:
        Old Marathi: 𑘁𑘝𑘲 (ātī), 𑘁𑘞𑘲 (āthī)
        Marathi: (poetic) आथि (āthi)
  - Dardic:
    - Northeast Pashayi: āsta
    - Northwest Pashayi: āsta
    - Southeast Pashayi: āsta
    - Southwest Pashayi: āsta
Proto-Iranian: *Hásti
- Central Iranian:
  - Avestan: 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬌 (asti), 𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬍 (astī)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Kurdish:
    - Northern Kurdish: e
    - Central Kurdish: ە (e)
    - Southern Kurdish: is
  - Zazaki: esto, esta, estê
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (astiy)
    - Middle Persian: 𐭠𐭩𐭲𐭩 (ast)
      - Persian: است (ast), هست (hast)
      - Tajik: аст (ast), ҳаст (hast)
Proto-Nuristani: *ásati
- Northern Nuristani:
  - Kamkata-viri:
    Kamviri: asë́-
    
    Kativiri: asë́-
  - Prasuni: so, -so
- Southern Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: së-
  - Tregami: -s
  - Waigali: -ës-