Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ȷ́ráyas

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Likely from the BMAC substrate.^[1]

Noun

*ȷ́ráyas n

expanse, vastness
ocean

Inflection

neuter as-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ȷ́ráyas	*ȷ́ráyasiH	*ȷ́ráyās
vocative	*ȷ́ráyas	*ȷ́ráyasiH	*ȷ́ráyās
accusative	*ȷ́ráyas	*ȷ́ráyasiH	*ȷ́ráyās
instrumental	*ȷ́ráyasaH	*ȷ́ráyazbʰyā(m)	*ȷ́ráyazbʰiš
ablative	*ȷ́ráyasas	*ȷ́ráyazbʰyā(m)	*ȷ́ráyazbʰyas
dative	*ȷ́ráyasay	*ȷ́ráyazbʰyā(m)	*ȷ́ráyazbʰyas
genitive	*ȷ́ráyasas	*ȷ́ráyasHās	*ȷ́ráyasaHam
locative	*ȷ́ráyasi	*ȷ́ráyasHaw	*ȷ́ráyasu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ráyas
- Sanskrit: ज्रयस् (jráyas)
Proto-Iranian: *jráyah
- Central Iranian:
  - Younger Avestan: 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬵 (zraiiah), 𐬰𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬢𐬵 (zraiiaŋh, gen.sg.)
- Northeastern Iranian:
  - Sogdian:
    Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫏 (zry /⁠zrē⁠/)
- Northwestern Iranian:
  - Baluchi: زرا (zirā)
  - Kurdish:
    Central Kurdish: زرێ (zirê), زەریا (zerya)
    
    Northern Kurdish: zirya, zerîya, zirê, zerya
    
    Southern Kurdish: دەڵیا (dellya)
    
    Laki:
  - Proto-Medo-Parthian:
    - Caspian:
      - Gilaki: [script needed] (deryā)
      - Mazanderani: دریو (deryō)
    - Parthian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫉𐫡𐫏𐫆 (zryẖ /⁠zrēh⁠/), 𐫉𐫡𐫏𐫏 (zryy /⁠zrēh⁠/), 𐫉𐫡𐫆 (zrẖ /⁠zirh⁠/)
      - → Middle Persian:
        Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (zlyh /⁠zrēh⁠/)
        
        Persian: زراه (zerâh, zerâh, zarâh)
    - Proto-Tatic:
      - Talysh:
        Northern Talysh: dıyo
        
        Southern Talysh: دیو (dəyo), زریه (zeryə) (in some regional)
      - Old Tati:
        Harzani: دریو (daryö)
        
        Karingani: دریو (daryu)
    - Zazaki: deryay
- Southwestern Iranian:
  - Old Persian: 𐎭𐎼𐎹 (d-r-y /⁠drayaʰ⁠/)
    - Lurish:
      Northern Luri: دریا (diryā)
      Bakhtiari: دریا (diryā)
    - Middle Persian:
      Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫏𐫀𐫁 (dryʾb /⁠drayāb⁠/)
      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dlydʾp̄ /⁠drayāb⁠/)
      - Persian: دریا (daryâ)

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎^[1], Helsinki

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎^[1], Helsinki

[1]