Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werǵʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *werǵʰ-[1][2][3]

    1. to bind, tie up
    2. to press

    Alternative reconstructions

    Reconstruction notes

    Not to be confused with *h₁werǵ- (“to enclose, block off”), whence Ancient Greek ἔργω (érgō, “to fence in, shut out”), Sanskrit व्रज (vrajá, “wattle, fence”).[2]

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *werǵʰ- (3 c, 0 e)
    • *wérǵʰ-e-ti (root thematic present)[6]
      • Proto-Germanic: *werganą (“to strangle”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *wérǵʰ-ye-ti (ye-present)[6]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wérźti[7]
        • Lithuanian: ver̃zti (“to tighten, tie”)
        • Latvian: vêrzt
        • Proto-Slavic: *verzti (see there for further descendants)
    • *worǵʰ-éye-ti (eye-iterative)[8][9]
      • Proto-Italic: *worɣeō[8]
        • >? Latin: urgeō (“to press, push”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *wr̥ǵʰ-yé-ti (zero-grade ye-present)[1][10]
      • Proto-Germanic: *wurgijaną (“to strangle”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *werǵʰ-nó-m[11]
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *werką (“cord, rope”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *wérǵʰ-s-ih₂ ~ *wr̥ǵʰ-s-yéh₂-s
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wurźsja
        • Proto-Slavic: *vъrša
          • Proto-Slavic: *vь̀rša (“fishing basket”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *werǵʰ-s-ló-m[12]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *werźsla
        • Proto-Slavic: *verslo[12]
          • Ukrainian: вере́сло (veréslo, “gourd stalk”)
          • Serbo-Croatian: vrijèslo (“kettle hook”)
          • ⇒ Czech: povříslo (“binder”)
    • *worǵʰ-o-s[13][6]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *warźas
        • Lithuanian: várža (“fish trap”)
        • Latvian: var̂za
        • Proto-Slavic: *vorzъ
          • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *povorzъ (“cord, rope”) (see there for further descendants)
    Unsorted formations
    • >? Proto-Albanian: *werdza
      • Albanian: vjerdh (“to wean”)
    • >? Proto-Anatolian:[4][14]
      • Hittite: 𒄷𒌨𒆠𒅋 (ḫu-ur-ki-il /⁠ḫurkil⁠/, “perversity”)
      • Luwian: 𒄷𒆪𒆷𒀸𒋗𒅔𒍝 (ḫur-ki-la-aš-ši-inza, “perversion”, gen.adj.acc.pl.c.)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯erg̑ʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 688
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 76: “*uerǵh-”
    3. ^ Katsiaryna Ackermann (2018), “Root Variation vs. Root Extension – a Putative -i-Infix?”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics‎[1], volume 131, →ISSN, page 127: “?*u̯erg̑ʰ ‘bind’”
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 364
    5. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “?*u̯reg-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 471-472
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wergan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 580: “*uérǵʰ-e-; *uerǵʰ-ie-; *uorǵʰ-o-”
    7. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 498
    8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “urgeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 644: “PIt. *worg-eje/o-; PIE *u(o)rǵh-eie-?”
    9. ^ Nicholas Zair (2017), “The origins of -urC- for expected -orC- in Latin”, in Glotta‎[3], volume 93, →ISSN, pages 264-265: “causative/iterative *u̯org̑ʰ-ei̭e/o- ‘press (repeatedly)’”
    10. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wurgijan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600: “*urǵʰ-ie-”
    11. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*werka- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 580: “*uergh-nó-”
    12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 516
    13. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 415
    14. ^ Walter Petersen (1939), “Hittite ḫ and Saussure's Doctrine of the Long Vowels”, in Journal of the American Oriental Society‎[6], volume 59, number 2, →DOI, →ISSN, page 179

    Further reading

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