Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wedʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *wedʰ-[1][2][3]

    1. to lead
    2. to bind, to secure
    3. to pledge, to guarantee

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wedʰ- (32 c, 0 e)
    • *wédʰ-e-ti (thematic root present)[1]
      • >? Proto-Armenian:
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *westei (“to lead”)
        • Latvian: vest
        • Lithuanian: vèsti (1sg.: vedù)
        • Proto-Slavic: *vestì (1sg.: *vedǫ) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Celtic: *wedeti (“to lead”)
      • Proto-Germanic: *wedaną (“to conjoin”), *gawedaną (see there for further descendants)
    • *wḗdʰ-s-t ~ *wédʰ-s-n̥t (s-aorist)[1]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • Proto-Slavic: *věsъ (1sg.aor.)
          • Old Church Slavonic: вѣсъ (věsŭ)
    • *wodʰ-éye-ti (causative)[1]
      • Proto-Anatolian:
        • ⇒ Hittite: [script needed] (u-watemi)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wádīˀtei (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wādʰáyati
        • Proto-Iranian: *wādáyati
          • Younger Avestan: 𐬬𐬁𐬜𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌 (vāδaiieiti)
          • → Old Armenian: վարեմ (varem)
    • *wódʰ-s[3]
      • Proto-Italic: *woss
        • Latin: vas (“surety”)
    • *wodʰ-yom
      • Proto-Germanic: *wadją (“wager, stake, pledge”) > *wadjōną (see there for further descendants)
    • *wédʰ-tis
      • Proto-Germanic: *gawissiz (see there for further descendants)
    • *swétu-wedʰ-tó-s
      • Proto-Iranian: *hwátuvadatáh
        • Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬉𐬙𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬚𐬀 (xᵛaētuuadaθa, “kin-marrage”)
          • → Middle Persian: (/⁠xwēdōdah⁠/)
            Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwkdʾt'), [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwytwds)
            Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭤𐭥𐭩𐭲𐭥𐭲𐭣 (hʿytʿtd) (in Kardir inscription)
    • *wedʰ-úH-s (“bride”)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wadʰúHs
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wadʰúHs
          • Sanskrit: वधू (vadhū́) (see there for further descendants)
        • Proto-Iranian: *wadʰúHh, *wadʰúHhakah (< *wedʰúHs + *-akah)
          • Central Iranian:
            • Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬜𐬏 (vaδū)
          • Northeastern Iranian:
            • Sogdo-Bactrian:
              • Khwarezmian: ود (wd /⁠wud⁠/), وذ (wδ /⁠waδ, wuδ⁠/)
              • Proto-Sogdic:
                • Sogdian: (/⁠waδ(u), wəδ(u), wuδ(u)⁠/, “wife”)
                  Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫔 (wδ), 𐫇𐫔𐫇 (wδw)
                  Sogdian script: 𐼴𐼹 (wδ),
                  Syriac script: ܙܕ (wd)
          • Northwestern Iranian:
            • Caspian:
              Gilaki: وؤۊ،بۊگ،وئی (vou,bug,vei)
            • Kurdish:
              Central Kurdish: بووک (bûk)
              Laki: بەوی (bewî)
              Northern Kurdish: bûk
              Southern Kurdish: وەۊ (weẅ), بەۊ (beẅ)
          • Proto-Medo-Parthian:
            • Old Azari: *ویو (*vayō)
              • Harzani: ویی (viyi)
              • Karingani: وی (vay)
            • Talysh: (/⁠vayo⁠/)
              Arabic script: ویو
              Latin script: vəyo
            • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
              • Gurani: وەیوە (waywa)
              • Zazaki: veyve
          • Southwestern Iranian:
            • Middle Persian: (/⁠wayōg⁠/)
              Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫏𐫇𐫃 (wywg)
              Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (wydwk')
              • Classical Persian: بیوگ (bayōg, buyōg), بیو (bayô)
                Dari: بیوگ (bayōg)
                Iranian Persian: بیوگ (biyūg)
              • Lurish:
                Bakhtiari: بیو (bayū)
                Northern Luri: بیی (bayi)
    Unsorted formations
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Lithuanian: vādas, vadúoti
    • Celtic:
      • Welsh: gwedd (“yoke, team”)
      • Old Irish: fedan (“act of carrying”)
    • Proto-Celtic: *wedesman
      • Old Irish: feidm (see there for further descendants)

    References

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 659
    2. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*wedan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 577
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “vas, vadis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 655
    4. ^ Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2011–2025), Addenda und Corrigenda zu LIV²‎[2]

    Further reading

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