Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wóyde

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Root stative/perfect of *weyd- (“to see”).

Verb

*wóyde (stative)

to have seen, to know

Inflection

Stative
3rd singular	*wóyde
3rd plural	*widḗr
Active voice	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*wóydh₂e	—	*wéydoh₂	*widyéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*wóydth₂e	wóyd, widdʰí	*wéydesi	*widyéh₁s
3rd singular	*wóyde	*wóydtu	*wéydeti	*widyéh₁t
1st dual	*widwé	—	*wéydowos	*widih₁wé
2nd dual	*?	*widtóm	*wéydetes	*widih₁tóm
3rd dual	*?	*widtā́m	*wéydetes	*widih₁tā́m
1st plural	*widmé	—	*wéydomos	*widih₁mé
2nd plural	*widé	*widté	*wéydete	*widih₁té
3rd plural	*widḗr	*widéntu	*wéydonti	*widih₁ént

Participle	*widwṓs

Descendants

Proto-Armenian: *gēt-
- Old Armenian: գիտեմ (gitem, “to know”)
Balto-Slavic:
- Old Prussian: waist (“to know”) (waidimai class 1p. pl.)
- Proto-Slavic: *věděti (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *witaną (“to know”) (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: οἶδα (oîda, “to know”)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáyda
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wáyda
  - Sanskrit: वेद (véda)
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: वेत्ति (vetti, present verb)^[1]
- Proto-Iranian: *wáyda
  - Old Avestan: 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬛𐬁 (vaēdā), 𐬬𐬋𐬌𐬯𐬙𐬁 (vōistā, 2sg.ind.perf)^[2]
>? Proto-Italic: *woidai (see *widēō)
- Latin: vīdī (or from athematic root aorist *wéid-t ~ *wid-ént^[3])

References

^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “VED”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579: “dazu sekundäre Präsensformen wie AV + vettu”
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*u̯aid¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 408
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 665

[1] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “VED”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 579: “dazu sekundäre Präsensformen wie AV + vettu”

[2] Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*u̯aid¹”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 408

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 665

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