Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/stísteh₂ti
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
Athematic i-reduplicated root of *steh₂- (“to stand up”).
Verb
*stísteh₂ti (imperfective)[1][2]
- to be standing up, to be getting up
Alternative reconstructions
Conjugation
| Imperfective, athematic, active only | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd singular | *stísteh₂ti | ||||
| 3rd plural | *stísth₂n̥ti | ||||
| Active voice | Present indicative | Past indicative | Imperative | Subjunctive | Optative |
| 1st singular | *stísteh₂mi | *stístām | — | *stísteh₂oh₂ | *stísth₂yeh₁m̥ |
| 2nd singular | *stísteh₂si | *stísteh₂s | *stísteh₂, *stísth₂dʰi | *stísteh₂esi | *stísth₂yeh₁s |
| 3rd singular | *stísteh₂ti | *stísteh₂t | *stísteh₂tu | *stísteh₂eti | *stísth₂yeh₁t |
| 1st dual | *stísth₂wos | *stísth₂we | — | *stísteh₂owos | *stísth₂ih₁we |
| 2nd dual | *stísth₂tes | *stísth₂tom | *stísth₂tom | *stísteh₂etes | *stísth₂ih₁tom |
| 3rd dual | *stísth₂tes | *stísth₂tām | *stísth₂tām | *stísteh₂etes | *stísth₂ih₁tām |
| 1st plural | *stísth₂mos | *stísth₂me | — | *stísteh₂omos | *stísth₂ih₁me |
| 2nd plural | *stísth₂te | *stísth₂te | *stísth₂te | *stísteh₂ete | *stísth₂ih₁te |
| 3rd plural | *stísth₂n̥ti | *stísth₂n̥t | *stísth₂n̥tu | *stísteh₂onti | *stísth₂ih₁n̥t |
| Participle | *stísth₂n̥ts | ||||
Reconstruction notes
According to the linguist Andreas Willi, the thematicity of Latin sistō and Sanskrit तिष्ठति (tiṣṭhati) indicates that the verb was already thematicized in Proto-Indo-European.[5] Beekes likewise notes that the athematic formation is limited to Greek,[6] though the linguist Michael Weiss considers the Ancient Greek form to represent secondary dethematicization.[7] Moreover, De Vaan suggests that it is unclear whether the Latin term was originally thematic or athematic.[4]
Descendants
- Proto-Celtic: *sistati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hístāmi (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *stíštaHti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)tíṣṭaHti
- Sanskrit: तिष्ठति (tíṣṭhati)
- Proto-Iranian: *híštaHti
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *(s)tíṣṭaHti
- Proto-Italic: *sistō (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 34
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 590
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*steh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 590: “*sti-stéh₂/sth₂-”
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “sistō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 567: “*sti-sth₂-(e/o)-”
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Willi, Andreas (2018), Origins of the Greek Verb, Cambridge University Press, page 166: “*(s)ti-sth₂-e/o-”
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἵστημι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 601
- ^ Weiss, Michael (12 March 2010), “Morphology and Word Formation”, in Bakker, Egbert J., editor, A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language[2], Blackwell Publishing, , →ISBN, page 115
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Cheung, Johnny (2007), “*staH”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 358